allergy

Hay fever is a common condition. So common in fact that it is thought to affect one in five people. As with many common ailments, hay fever has many aliases. Other names for hay fever include seasonal allergic rhinitis, nasal allergies, pollinosis, or simply allergies. No matter which name it is called by, hay fever can mean pain, discomfort and inconvenience to the people who suffer from it.

There are many different symptoms associated with hay fever. Some people may experience only mild discomfort while others will have more severe symptoms. No matter how mild or severe symptoms may be, they are almost always distracting and unpleasant. People who suffer from hay fever may have trouble performing daily tasks such as going to school or work.

Luckily, hay fever is easily treated. There are many treatment options including prevention techniques, medications and home remedies. With so many options available, it is usually possible for each person to find just the right relief for all of their hay fever symptoms.

Symptoms of Hay Fever

The symptoms of hay fever are very diverse. Though it is possible to suffer from only one or two symptoms, it is more common to have several of the symptoms listed. Symptoms of hay fever may include:

• Itchy, watery eyes
• Runny nose
• Stuffy nose
• Coughing
• Sneezing
• Puffy or dark under eye circles
• Fatigue
• Headache
• Itching in the throat, ears or skin
• Sinus pressure
• Foggy head or trouble concentrating

Most often, hay fever symptoms will occur immediately with exposure to allergens. Some symptoms, such as coughing, may occur up to 30 minutes later. Regardless of when symptoms appear, they will remain as long as a person is exposed to the substance that is causing the allergic reaction. Due to the fact that hay fever is directly caused by exposure to substances outside the body, people cannot “wait out” the symptoms in the same way that they would a cold.

The following list contains symptoms that are not associated with hay fever and may be a sign of a bigger problem. Any time there is a doubt as to what is causing symptoms, it is important to seek the advice of a doctor to ensure proper treatment. Consult a doctor if the following symptoms are present:

• Hay fever is so severe that breathing becomes difficult
• Other conditions are aggravated by the hay fever (such as asthma)
• Pain and redness in the ears
• Fever
• Skin rash or blisters (may be a sign of skin allergies)
• Hay fever medications produce painful or unpleasant side effects

Causes of Hay Fever

Hay fever symptoms are caused by an immune reaction to inhaled allergens. Common allergens can be divided into indoor and outdoor varieties. Some examples of indoor allergens are dust, dust mites, mold, pet dander, cleaning chemicals and smoke. Some examples of outdoor allergens are pollen, ragweed, mold, trees, grass and other plants.

Hay fever symptoms are the body’s way of protecting people from possibly dangerous substances. The immune reaction within the body is the same no matter which allergen causes it. When an allergen enters the body, it triggers the release of histamine to help fight off the invading substance. Nasal passages and mucus membranes will swell in an attempt to keep other allergens from entering the body. This results in sinus pressure and headaches. Sneezing is triggered in an attempt to clear the allergens that have already entered the body. At the same time, mucus membranes will release extra fluid in order to flush the system, resulting in a runny nose.

Hay fever can be seasonal, perennial (year-round) or both. It is very common for a person to be allergic to more than one substance at a time. This may cause the symptoms to last well past the end of “allergy season”. In cases where symptoms are severe and/or constant, the body can begin to wear down, leaving the hay fever sufferer irritable and cranky. Identifying the specific triggers of hay fever and receiving the right treatment will greatly reduce the time needed for recovery.

Testing and Diagnoses of Hay Fever Triggers

A doctor and/or an allergist should be able to determine the exact cause of hay fever symptoms by doing an allergy test. Knowing the season in which hay fever symptoms are at their worst will help the doctor to narrow down the causes. In preparation for an allergy test, it is a good idea to consult a doctor and develop a course of action. Have a list of symptoms, times and seasons when symptoms are at their worst, and any questions ready when the initial consultation takes place.

Allergy tests are most often performed by applying liquid solutions of possible allergens directly to the skin or under it. This can be done by lightly pricking the skin or using a swab to apply the allergen. Solutions are left on the skin for a short period of time (usually about 30 minutes) and reactions are carefully monitored. Swelling, redness or irritation indicates an allergic response to an applied substance.

Preventing Hay Fever

The best way to prevent hay fever is to avoid the allergens that cause it. Knowing what is causing the symptoms is the first step to any kind of prevention. A doctor can help narrow down the exact cause of hay fever symptoms, but there are some prevention methods that will work even if the exact allergen is not known.

Prevention of hay fever symptoms caused by indoor allergens begins with a clean house. Carpets and furniture should be vacuumed and washed regularly to prevent build up of pet dander, dust and dust mites. Filters in central air conditioning and heating units should be changed on a regular basis. It is even possible to purchase filters that are specially designed to trap allergens. Using an air purifier may also provide relief. As an added precaution, wear a mask or tie a handkerchief around the mouth and nose while dusting and cleaning the house.

Preventing hay fever symptoms caused by outdoor allergens may require a little planning and attention to detail. Pollen and other allergens are often more prevalent in the morning and late evening hours, so doing yard work in the afternoon or early evenings is recommended. In cases of severe symptoms, it is also advisable to wear a mask and/or goggles while working outside.

Though a fresh Spring breeze may be tempting, closing the windows of the house will keep most allergens out. Clothes should be dried in the house so they don’t pick up allergens while they dry on a line outside. Finally, taking a shower before bed will wash away any allergens that may have stuck to the hair or clothing and make sleeping easier while keeping bedding allergen free.

Medical and Pharmaceutical Treatments for Hay Fever

There are many medicinal treatments available for hay fever. Treatments can be OTC (over the counter) or by prescription, and be found in pills, liquid or nasal spray formulations. Knowing the cause and exact nature of the hay fever symptoms will be beneficial in choosing the correct treatment.

Most hay fever medicines will contain an antihistamine of some type. Antihistamines and histamine blockers are designed to stop the flow of histamine in the body, thus preventing unpleasant symptoms. Many newer types of antihistamines such as loratadine, cetirizine and desloratadine are available in OTC medications that improve mental clarity and do not cause drowsiness. Loratadine can be taken once every 24 hours to provide all day relief. Older antihistamines such as chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine often cause marked drowsiness and should be used with discretion.

Hay fever medications in the form of pills or liquid are often formulated to treat a wide variety of symptoms. They may contain antihistamines, decongestants and pain relievers in different combinations or amounts. Having a combination of medications like this can provide fast and effective relief for a variety of symptoms.

Nasal sprays come in many forms ranging from a saline mist that is designed to help flush nasal passages to a steroid mist that will open nasal passages and reduce the swelling of mucus membranes.

Saline and antihistamine nasal sprays are often available in OTC formulations. Steroid sprays are available by prescription only. Regardless of the type, nasal sprays should not be considered a permanent solution and should be used for a short time only.

Hay fever medications range in price from five dollars to fifty dollars. Prices can be influenced by brand, type of antihistamine and the size of the package.

Another option a doctor can recommend is immunotherapy or desensitization therapy (allergy shots). Allergy shots are not a fast cure, but rather a way of building an immunity to allergens. The shots contain trace amounts of certain allergens. A doctor will administer the shots over a period of three to five years.

Over that time, the exposure to the allergens in the shots will desensitize the immune system and stop hay fever from happening. Immunotherapy is often expensive, but can provide huge benefits in cases where it has been recommended by a doctor.

There is no permanent medical cure for hay fever. In rare cases, such as narrow nasal passages and deviated septum, it is possible for rhinoplasty (nasal surgery commonly referred to as a “nose job”) to provide a small amount of relief by making it easier to breath. This is not a recommended cure for hay fever, however, due to the high cost and the fact that changing the nasal passages will not change the immune reactions inside the body.

Homeopathic and Home Remedies for Hay Fever

There are many home remedies for hay fever. Home remedies can use many things, including fruit, vegetables, vitamins, herbs and in some cases, water. Price ranges for homeopathic remedies are very wide spread due to the different natures of the remedies. Home remedies are not always less expensive than medications, but are often just as effective.

One home remedy that has grown in popularity is the use of a Neti Pot. A Neti Pot is used to irrigate the sinus passages by flushing them with a saline solution. Neti Pots come in many shapes and sizes and can be made from clay, metal, plastic, or many other materials. Neti Pot users are required to tilt their heads in order to control the flow of saline solution. Alternatives to a traditional Neti Pot include bulb syringes and pulsatile devices. Bulb syringes allow people to control the flow of saline solution by applying more pressure when needed. Pulsatile devices control the flow of saline solution with a small motor. Though beneficial as a temporary solution, irrigating the sinuses, like nasal sprays, can have negative side effects if done too often.

Many people have reported finding relief from hay fever symptoms by building up an immunity to the outdoor allergens (especially pollen) that cause their symptoms. This can be done by taking a daily dose of honey that comes from a local provider. Bees in the area use the pollen to make the honey, which infuses it with small amounts of the pollen. One tablespoon of the local honey each day for a year may train the immune system to recognize the pollen and no longer view it as a threat.

Herbal Options & Healthy Dieting

Drinking herbal tea is another common home remedy for hay fever. Tea should be made with filtered water to avoid heavy minerals or contamination in the water. Chamomile, echinacea and green tea contain ingredients that may boost the immune system and relieve hay fever symptoms. Adding honey and/or lemon to the tea can speed the feelings of relief.

A healthy, well balanced diet is essential to good health, and a good defense against hay fever. Eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and staying well hydrated will help the body do it’s job more effectively, which will lesson or shorten hay fever symptoms.

C and B vitamins have been proven to boost the immune system. Getting enough of these vitamins will go a long way toward easing hay fever symptoms.

Having a humidifier on will help keep nasal passages from feeling dried out and painful. Adding mint, rosemary, lavender or chamomile to the water in the humidifier will help to open the nasal passages and make breathing easier. This can be especially helpful while sleeping.

The symptoms caused by hay fever can often leave people with dry and irritated nostrils. To ease the pain of irritated or dry nostrils, apply vitamin E oil or petroleum jelly to the nostrils. A thin layer on the outside and a little on the inside will be a big help.

Finding Relief

No matter what the cause or severity of hay fever symptoms is, there are many ways of treating it and finding relief from symptoms. Whether a person decides to use pharmaceutical hay fever medications, or homeopathic ones, there is no reason that they should have to suffer with constant symptoms. In the case of any medical problem, including hay fever, it is best to consult a doctor before beginning any treatment.

Celiac disease a little understood autoimmune syndrome that affects roughly 0.5% of the world’s population. Basically, it is an intolerance to the gluten found in grains such as wheat, rye, spelt, oats, barley, and its derivatives. Gluten is what gives dough its elastic texture. It is not a vital protein for the body. For individuals with this medical issue, any ingestion of a glutinous product will lead to an autoimmune response.

The body will attack the villi in the small intestine, destroying them and lessening the body’s ability to absorb nutrients. Villi are microscopic, fingerlike projections arising from the lining of the small intestine, giving it more surface area, and giving the body more time to absorb nutrients. Over time, there is scarring of the small intestine, further reducing the absorption of essential vitamins and minerals. While it can never be cured, it can be managed by simply adopting a totally gluten-free diet.

Alternative Names

• Celiac sprue
• Coeliac disease (British spelling)
• Nontropical sprue
• Gluten-sensitive enteropathy.
• Gluten intolerance

Symptoms

Symptoms of celiac disease vary greatly from person to person. This is one of the reasons that it is sometimes extremely difficult to diagnose. There is no stereotypical symptom to distinguish the syndrome. Only about 10% of those who have celiac disease present with the malabsorption symptoms that typify the disease. It seems to mimic many other disease states, often going undiagnosed for years. Some people have no symptomatology at all.

Gastrointestinal symptoms include:

• Bloating
• Flatulence
• Abdominal distention
• Increased or decreased appetite
• Unexplained weight loss
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Bulky stools that are sticky, frothy, tan or gray and much fouler smelling than usual.

Stools are sticky in consistency due to the increased amount of fat that goes undigested and unabsorbed in the body, about 10 times more than normal. Children often have marked diarrhea and failure to thrive. Adults are more likely to have constipation and unexplained weight loss.

Other symptomology includes:

• Weakness
• Mouth sores
• Muscle cramping
• Fatigue
• Dehydration
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Night blindness
• Weakened or discolored tooth enamel
• Edema
• Extremely dry skin and/or a rash called dermatitis herpetiformis
• Seizures
• Decreased ability to clot blood
• Easy bruising
• Nerve damage
• Anemia
• Amenorrhea
• Hair loss
• Lowered immunity.
• Mood changes such as depression, apathy, irritability or inability to focus often accompany the other symptoms.

Only when the gluten sensitivity is diagnosed and the source removed will the symptoms start to resolve themselves.

Causes & Risk Factors

The causes of this baffling disease are relatively unknown. The only predictors seem to be that it affects more females than males, more Caucasian/European than African-American, and is likely to be hereditary. Research has indicated that while anyone can have this syndrome, the risk multiplies if there is a medical history of:

• Type 1 diabetes, especially in children
• Any type of colitis but specifically microscopic colitis
• Down syndrome
• Autoimmune thyroid disease
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Grave’s disease
• Addison disease
• Sjogren’s syndrome
• Scleroderma
• Myasthenia gravis
• Autism

Advances in gene mapping have identified genes that are likely associated with celiac disease – HLA-DQ2 and DQ8.

Prevention

Research has indicated that it might be possible to prevent this disease from occurring. However, as stated above, the exact etiology of this syndrome has not been discovered. A research study in Sweden looked at early developmental factors in those who are eventually diagnosed as celiac. The study focused on the duration of breastfeeding in addition to when gluten was first introduced and in what amount. While there were not any concrete results, the study does suggest a link between those factors and development of the disease.

Maintaining a gluten-free diet is really the only way to prevent onset, especially if a first-degree relative has the syndrome. Those with autoimmune disorders may want to adopt a gluten-free diet as well as gluten might aggravate the condition. And about 50% of autistic individuals have a form of gluten intolerance and so should eliminate grains in their diets as well. Sufferers of irritable bowel syndrome have been found to have fewer episodes when adopting a gluten-free diet, so the medical community has been advocating removing the offending grains as well.

Strong evidence suggests higher-than-normal stress responses can trigger the onset of celiac disease, especially if one or more of the risk factors are already present. Stress relief exercises such as imagery, journaling, aerobic exercise, tai chi, deep breathing, anger management, therapy, massage, and aromatherapy are effective against the damage of stress and help to manage the body’s reaction to stressors. Control of as many of those factors that lead to an autoimmune response is optimal.

Testing and Diagnostic Considerations

When celiac is suspected, it is necessary to utilize many different diagnostic tests in order to correctly identify celiac disease. Laboratory analysis is part of the diagnostic puzzle to differentiate celiac disease from other autoimmune or intestinal disorders.

Gene Markers

Experts have determined there are two genes HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 associated with celiac disease. This is especially important if there is a first-degree relative, such as a parent or sibling or even a second-degree relative such as aunts, uncles or cousins diagnosed with the disorder. Even if the test is positive, it just determines there is a better-than-average risk of acquiring it. Approximately a third of the population will test positive for either one or both of the genes. If the test is negative, however, there is no chance at all that celiac can develop during the lifetime.

Antibody Testing

Antibodies are proteins made by the B cells in the immune system to fight off bacteria, viruses, and other infectious agents that attach to antigens or other foreign objects and either weaken it or destroy it. However, sometimes the body overproduces these antibodies in response to non-infectious agents or to its own tissues. Endomysium (EMA-IgA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) are the antibody tests of choice. It measures the immune system response with the introduction of gluten to the body. These are considered very reliable indicators.

If both of these tests are abnormally elevated, there is a greater than 90% chance of having celiac disease. Used in the past, anti-gliadin (AGA-IgA and AGA-IgG) antibody test is no longer considered a useful diagnostic test but do help to monitor response to the gluten-free diet and other treatments.

Other Blood Tests

Other blood tests measure nutrient absorption, namely iron levels and low vitamin levels. Vitamin K is of particular importance. Vitamin K is necessary to the formation of clotting factors in the liver. When the body does not absorb enough vitamin K, blood clotting is markedly reduced, leading to risk of prolonged or abnormal bleeding. The prothrombin time blood test measures how long it takes the blood to clot.

Quantitative Stool Fat Determination

One of two stool tests used for celiac testing, the fecal fat test is the measurement of fat in the stool or the percentage not absorbed by the body. Stool is collected over a 24-hour period. The normal amount of fat excreted should not exceed 7 grams of fat per 24-hour period. Excessive amounts of fat found in the stool, known as steatorrhea can occur with many other conditions, so additional stool testing should be conducted.

Stool Antibody Testing

This is a fairly new test available in only one laboratory in the United States. It measures the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) and anti-gliadin (AGA-IgA and AGA-IgG) antibodies in the stool.

Duodenal Biopsy

All of the above testing is important to test for gluten intolerance. A biopsy of the small intestine to establish the degree of damage to the villi, in addition to the above tests provides the conclusive evidence necessary to make the final diagnosis. Duodenal biopsy can be problematic as villous atrophy/destruction occurs in patches, so a too-small sampling will give incorrect results. In children under two years of age, the biopsy can be abnormal due to an allergy to cow’s milk, soy or viral gastroenteritis. In adults, a positive result could be indicative of HIV enteropathy or tropical sprue.

Treatment Options

Celiac disease cannot be cured, but it can be managed, mainly through a change in diet. It is the only way to reverse the damaging effects of the disease on the gastrointestinal system. Removing all forms of gluten in the diet will heal the body.

Gluten is found in wheat, rye, spelt, oats, barley and its derivatives. These grains are found in bread, cookies, cakes, noodles, pancakes, and waffles, along with many other foods.

They are also used as thickening agents in soups and gravies and as coatings for chicken, fish, french fries, etc. Gluten is hidden in a lot of processed foods, so it is essential that food labels are vigorously scanned.

Breads, other baked goods, and pasta are available for those who are gluten intolerant in health food stores and even in some mainstream grocery stores. However, these tend to be much more expensive. Other sources of gluten include cosmetics, household products, and medications. Care also needs to be taken in restaurants as well, erring on the side of caution when ordering fried dishes, desserts, or meals that come with gravy or pasta.

This major lifestyle change is demanding and challenging at first. Symptoms of withdrawal often occur when gluten is first removed from the diet. It can take awhile for gluten to be completely out of the system and depends how long gluten was consumed prior to its removal. As the body heals, the withdrawal symptoms dissipate. Incorporating vitamins, drinking a lot of water, stress relief management, and exercise can ease these symptoms.

Since celiac disease is a much more common autoimmune disease than originally thought, there are many books and websites devoted exclusively dealing with gluten issues such as how to order in restaurants. Gluten-free cookbooks are readily available too. Almost any favorite food that contains gluten can be reasonably approximated with the right ingredients. And many foods nowadays are tagged with the “gluten-free” label, making it easier to shop for the correct foods.

Follow-up Care

Those newly diagnosed with celiac disease should be tested at least twice during the first year to make sure the gluten-free diet is successful in restoring health. Testing for antibodies with the anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG-IgA) antibody test is sufficient, as a negative result indicates the dietary measures are effective. After that first year, yearly testing is all that is considered necessary by the medical community.

Long-term Outcome

Avoidance of gluten-containing foods is considered to be the best remedy for management of the disease. The body typically will revert back to absorbing all of the nutrients, carbohydrates, and fats as it is supposed to. However, there can be long-term effects even with successful treatment. Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract occur at a much higher rate for celiacs. For those cases that were undiagnosed for many years, malabsorption of vital nutrients can be a real problem in later life. Bone density loss is one such problem.

Osteoporosis and osteomalacia (“soft bones”) results from the inability to absorb vitamin D and calcium. This is why it is so important to diagnose and treat this syndrome as early as possible.

Definition of Dry Skin

The skin is the essential covering for the body, offering physical, thermal and moisture protection against the environment. The skin weighs more than twice the weight of the brain; and during a normal year sheds 1.5 pounds (0.68 kilograms) of dead cells. Alternative names, for the skin, are “dermis” or “dermal.”

There are multiple layers to the skin, the outermost layer is called the “epidermis” from the Greek prefix, “epi” which means “upon.” It is also referred to as the “stratum corneum.” Just like a garden, the skin consists of an outer layer of dead or peeling skin, that has the same function as mulch, deflecting harmful ultraviolet rays, drastic temperature changes, retains moisture and provides water-proofing. When this outer layer is damaged, it can lead to dry skin: “Xerosis Cutis” or “Xeroderma.”

Healthy skin is smooth, pliable and soft, moisturized by natural, lipid oils that are secreted by the sebaceous glands; these prevent evaporation, dehydration, and heat loss. Below the dead skin cells are the living skin cells, which include sweat glands, nerve endings and hair follicles.

Symptoms

When the skin is not properly moisturized due to the malfunctioning of the “stratum corneum,” dry skin is the result. Dry skin starts to shrink, like clothes, leading to cracks and fissures. Extreme conditions include pus oozing and bleeding.

Symptoms of dry skin can include the following:

• Acne-like bumps
• Cracking
• Discolouration
• Flaking
• Itchiness (Pruritus)
• “Parched” look
• Peeling
• Powder-like deposits
• Rash
• Redness
• Scaling
• Tightness
• Uncomfortable feeling.

A doctor should be called when the following serious conditions occur with the dry skin:

• Bleeding
• Oozing pus
• Severe cracks.

Causes

Specific

Most normal, healthy, skin is protected by a thin, layer of oil to prevent damage to more sensitive areas below. The most common specific causes of dry skin are harsh, cleaning chemicals (soap and detergents) and environmental factors (humidity, sun, temperature, and wind.) Many chemicals in common cleaning products strip “lipids” (oils, fats and wax molecules) from the top skin layer, leaving more sensitive layers underneath vulnerable. Every day, the weather can cause dry skin; this can be counteracted with normal lubrication via oil, lotion and cream.

Specific causes of dry skin are numerous, including the following:

• Alcohol-based cleansers
• Dehydration
• Dry heat
• Excessive washing
• Harsh chemical cleansers
• Heating systems – Fireplaces, furnaces, and heaters
• Malnutrition, a diet provides essential nutrients for skin growth, repair and recovery
• Medication treatments (like Antihistamines, Antispasmodics, Diuretics, and Retinoids)
• Sand, sun and wind
• Temporary, seasonal condition caused by low air humidity.

B.) General Categories

The following names some general dry skin causes:

• Diabetes – Poor glucose production leads to moisture evaporation
• Hodgkin’s Disease – Red, itchy patches
• Ringworm infection – Red, scaly, rash patches caused by fungus
• Sjogren’s Syndrome – Increases sensitivity to sunlight leading to burnt skin
• Thyroid conditions – Skin colour may change.

4.) Risk Factors

All people can develop dry skin, but some risk factors lead to more recurring dry skin.

Risk factors for dry skin include the following:

• Aging
• Babies, children and women have more sensitive skin
• Dry, dusty summer beach conditions
• Dry, winter climate
• Genetics
• Hormone changes
• Living in unhygienic conditions
• Poor diet – Vitamins A, B, C, E and K are good for skin
• Rough clothing fabrics
• Soking.

Prevention Tips

Moisture levels change every day in the skin, thus, it is wise to have lubricating oils, lotions and creams in constant supply. Especially, after bathing it is wise to use lubrication to re-moisturize the body after soaps and body cleansers dry out the skin. People who are concerned with dry skin should avoid high-alkaline, high-alcohol soaps.

People with more sensitive skin should try milder soaps and body washes, with ultra-moisturizing qualities, like Dove, Neutrogena or Oil of Olay, to see which ones have the best chemical pH balance for helping them retain skin moisture. Saunas and warm moderate temperature bathing can help keep skin pores remain clean and healthy.

Moisturizers, like Eucerin and Cetaphil, are good at helping keep water inside the skin after bathing. Apply baby oil when skin is still moist; moisturizing lotion and an extra layer of cleansing cream can help skin during times when dehydration is an increased threat.

It is wise to keep lotion on-hand always, in case, conditions dry skin out, then you can replenish your skin’s moisture quickly. Dry skin can be a vicious cycle – once skin gets dry, it starts to crack, open skin leads to bleeding or infection – which makes it even more difficult to treat. During harsh seasons, it may be wise to control bathing; constant hand washing quickly strips the body of essential oils.

Avoid drying environmental conditions, like the sun’s ultra-violet (UV) rays. Experts have carefully studied the sun’s light, dividing its ultra-violet rays into smaller segments, like UVA, UVB and UVC:

• UVA – Remains the same strength year-round, can cut through outer epidermis to damage underlying dermis
• UVB – Intensity changes based on hemisphere and season, most sunblocks protect against
• UVC – Most dangerous, usually are absorbed by ozone layer.

Using sunblock (sunscreen) with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) over 15 can help protect against dangerous ultraviolet rays.

Laundry and Detergents

Using powerful detergent, chlorine chemical cleaning products can also dry skin quickly. Eco-friendly, neutral-pH products are best for washing; using protective, latex, rubber gloves while cleaning with harsh chemicals can also protect skin from dehydration. People should apply extra layers of lubrication before-and-after cleaning.

Those who suffer from dry skin must make sure that their towels, clothing and environment are particularly clean. A rough wash cloth can accumulate mold, mildew or dirt that might dry out the skin. Keeping the cleaning environment clean can help prevent dry skin.

Proper nutrition provides the basic vitamins, nutrients and minerals for nourishing the skin: Vitamins A, B, C, E and K are great for the skin. A good multivitamin can help prevent dry skin. Dietary supplements, like Omega-3, can help dry skin. Foods that are great for the skin include: cantaloupe, carrots, cheese, garlic, milk, nuts, onions, peaches, salmon, sardines, seeds, tuna and vegetables, yogurt, walnuts, and whole grains. Pure, extra virgin oils – coconut, olive and safflower – can also help prevent skin damage.

Stop engaging in negative behaviours that dry out the skin, like smoking, to prevent dry skin. Natural fibres, like cotton, can help the skin breathe better than artificial fabrics. A humidifier can also keep moisture in the air.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Testing

The most common tests for dry skin include 1.) “Skin Culture Swab” of the affected area searching for bacteria, fungus or yeast, or 2.) “Skin Lesion Biopsy” looking for serious conditions, like Eczema. These usually are conducted by a dermatologist who will also consider the patient’s family medical history and other risk factors.

Diagnosis Factors

Dermatologists will ask a series of questions in order to gather information that might reveal the source of your dry skin:

• When did you first notice your dry skin?
• Do you have a family history of dry skin?
• Which parts of your body are dry?
• What are your bathing habits?
• Are you taking any medication?
• Do you smoke?

Dry Skin Maladies

Different parts of the body can experience dry skin – face, ears, nose, hands and legs – that require different responses.

The following are the most serious dry skin maladies:

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – This is a common dry skin condition leading to itchy, scales that could be fish-like and could be caused by food allergens. This occurs when skin cells fail to shed away properly; instead, the dry skin cells build up in polygonal shapes. These scales may turn different colours ranging from white to brown. Flaking, fissures and bleeding may occur. Lesions are also possible: “dry, scaly lesions,” “thick, chronic lesions,” and “weeping lesions.”

• Asteatotic Eczema (Eczema Craquele or Xerosis) is the abnormal drying of skin that may lead to cracked or fissured patches.
• Athlete’s Foot is a fungal infection of the foot that leads to dry flaking.
• Dermatitis is reddened round, scaly, skin.
• Ichthyosis Vulgaris sufferers experience fish-like scales on their skin.
• Keratosis Pilaris leads to small, hard, acne-like bumps within hair follicles. This condition may have some genetic characteristics.
• Nummular Eczema is allergy-related, with red, itchy, scaly lesions that have yellow crusts or pus due to oozing.
• Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring condition with red, scaly skin that might crack, ooze or bleed.

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

The most basic of all cures for dry skin includes drinking plenty of water. There are many homemade remedies for maintaining skin moisture, including the mixture of organic granulated sugar, honey and extra virgin olive oil. Another skin treatment mixture is made of eggs, honey, olive oil and rose water.

Natural oils – almond, avocado, bitter orange, lemon and lime – are good for treating dry skin. Crisco vegetable shortening can be used to treat dry skin.

Vitamins and mineral supplements can assist in curing dry skin:

• Gotu Kola
• Green tea
• Honey
• Hyaluronic Acid
• Trypsin.

A milk bath is also a common home remedy to moisturize skin.

Holistic herbs for curing dry skin include these:

• Borage
• Calendula flower
• Chamomille tea
• Coltsfoot
• Comfrey plant
• Dandelion tea
• Geranium
• Fennel
• Hyssop
• Lavendar oil
• Oat extract
• Patchouli
• Peppermint tea
• Rose
• Sandlewood.

Pharmaceutical

External creamy, moisturizing cleansers with glycerin or petrolatum, such as, Aveeno Daily Moisturizing Body Wash or Oil of Olay Sensitive Skin Soap are good for treating dry skin.

Follow this step-by-step procedure for using moisturizers after bathing:

1.) Moisten dry skin
2.) Let water soak in
3.) Pat water to retain moisture
4.) Add bath oils,
5.) Cover body with lotions or creams that aren’t washed off easily.

High moisturizing oils include Neutrogena Light Sesame Seed Oil, Hermal Body Oil, and Alpha-Keri Oil. Wonderful dry skin lotion moisturizers include Lubriderm, Keri and Nutriplus. Skin cleansers, like Cetaphil Lotion, Oilatum-AD and Aquanil are also effective. Great, hypoallergenic, cream, moisturizers for dry skin include Carmol, Cetaphil, Nivea, and Nutraderm.

Additional Ointments

Vaseline Petroleum Jelly is a good moisturizing ointment. Oral Antihistimines that might relieve dry skin include Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Hydroxyzine (Atarax), and Cetirizine (Zyrtec). Dry skin can lead to annoying itching; Anti-itch products containing Praxomine, Menthol, Camphor, Pramosone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Clobetasol are safe to use for treatment.

A dermatologist might prescribe the following products for Dermatitis: an Immunomodulator, like Tacrolimus or Pimecrolimus. Antibiotics might be needed to treat bacterial infection from serious oozing lesions.

Common drugs for treating dry skin:

• Accutane
• Bactroban
• Benzoyl Peroxide
• Clobetasol
• Elidel
• Hydrocortisone
• Metrogel
• Nizoral.

When using a combination of Cortisone and moisturizer as a treatment; apply Cortisone first.

Specific Treatments

Eczema can be treated with moisturizing anti-itch oils, lotions, creams, topical Corticosteroids, along with a wet dressing for “weeping lesions.” “Thick, chronic lesions” can be treated with tar-based compounds and anti-inflammatory medicines to lubricate and soften the skin. Antihistamines might attack the allergic problems underlying the symptoms. Dermatologists might prescribe oral Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation or Topical Immunomodulators (TIMs) – Tacrolimus (Protopic) or Pimecrolimus (Elidel) – for hypersensitivity. A cold compress can reduce redness and itchiness.

Keratosis Pilaris has rough patches that can be treated with moisturizing lotions and creams, made of lactic acid, urea, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, and tretonoin, for handling the itchiness. This condition will return if therapy regimen is not continued.

Surgeries

Surgery is an extreme response that isn’t usually used for dry skin problems.

Side effects

Risks

Dry skin that continues as a problem can lead to the following side effects:

• Bacterial infection
• Bleeding
• Cellulitis
• Discoloration
• Disfigurement
• Insomnia
• Lichenification (roughness)
• Mental distress
• Painful cracks
• Wrinkles.

Efficacy

Most oils, lotions and creams are very effective at treating dry skin when combined with good diet, environment control and other pharmaceuticals, like Antibiotics, for extreme conditions, like pus oozing.

Costs

Most treatments are very affordable.

Resources

WebMd.com Tips
MayoClinic.org

Common problems of the ears, nose, and throat

ENT disorder, or ENT syndrome, is a very broad description of a number of different ailments. It refers to any problems or disorders with a person’s ears, nose, or throat. Chances are, if someone has chronic problems in this area, they have been or will be referred to an ear nose and throat specialist called an otolaryngologist.

Causes of these disorders depend on exactly which disorder it is, but is usually a fungal, viral, or bacterial infection of some sort. Environment seems to also play a part. Things such as smoking and excessive drinking, can increase the risk of having chronic problems in this area.

Ear

The ear, as most people know, is the organ responsible for hearing. It also plays a part in maintaining balance. Ignoring problems in the ear can lead to more serious problems – hearing loss, for example – and should not be taken lightly. It is important to seek medical attention if any of the following symptoms last for a day or more:

• Pain
• Difficulty hearing
• Discharge from the ear
• Ringing or buzzing sound
• loss of balance

The ear mainly consists of the outer ear, ear canal, eardrum, middle and inner ear, and eustachian tube. The outer ear and the ear canal are the passageway to the middle and inner ear, which has semi-circular canals positioned on the top of it that help maintain a sense of balance. The eardrum is the thin membrane that receives and transmits sound waves through the ear, and the eustachian tube runs from the middle ear to the nasal cavity. This helps to equalize air pressure which is important to the health of the ear.

A full physical exam is usually required when going to a physician for any ear problems. Though many ear disorders may have the same symptoms, a physician will ask questions, and look inside the ear with an otoscope, which is a special flashlight made for looking into the ear. Either the ear canal or eardrum being swollen or red indicates a problem.

Additional Tests

A pneumatic otoscope is equipped to blow small puffs of air towards the eardrum. If there is an infection present, the buildup of fluids will prevent the eardrum from moving. In a case where the eardrum is blocked from view, either by earwax or some other obstruction, an ear curette is used to remove the obstruction.

Other possible tests include hearing tests, lab tests, and a tympanometry. During this procedure, a tool called a tympanometer is inserted into the ear canal to measure the eardrum’s response to minute changes in air pressure. The results from this test could indicate the source of the problem.

Otitis media (middle ear infection)

This is the most common ear problem that affects young children, though adults are not immune to it. This happens when the eustachian tube becomes inflamed from something such as a common cold, sinus infection, or allergies. This results in fluid building up in the middle ear. This can cause an infection by either a virus or bacteria. An infection of this nature can cause the eardrum to become inflamed, which may result in a build up of pus or fluid behind the eardrum.

A feeling of blockage or pressure may be felt in the infected ear along with pain and fever. Hearing may also be muffled. Since a small baby is unable to tell a parent what is wrong, it may tug on its ear during an ear infection.

Treatment

The recommended treatment for a middle ear infection is usually antibiotics and a mild over the counter pain reliever. An antihistamine or pain relieving ear drops are also prescribed in certain cases. If the ear does not drain on its own, a myringotomy may be performed.

During this procedure, a small incision is made in the eardrum to allow the built up fluids to drain. The eardrum will then usually heal itself in a couple of weeks. If the eardrum ruptures on its own and doesn’t drain properly, though, the fluid may get trapped in the middle ear and cause frequent and chronic ear infection.

Swimmer’s ear (otitis externa)

Commonly known as swimmer’s ear, an infection of the outer ear canal, happens when water gets trapped here. A fungus or bacteria may then grow in the ear canal. This kind of infection does not just infect swimmers. A person cleaning their ear improperly with a cotton swab can also get swimmer’s ear.

The affected ear may feel blocked and may be accompanied by pain, itching, and a foul-smelling discharge. In some cases, partial hearing loss is reported, but this is only temporary.

An over the counter pain medication is recommended to help pain associated with swimmer’s ear. A doctor will also prescribe antifungal or antibacterial ear drops, and steroid drugs.

Tinnitus

Tinnitus is a condition in which a person often hears noises in their ears. These may sound like a ringing, buzzing, roaring or clicking. Any number of ear problems could attribute to these noises, such as constantly being around loud noises, certain medications, trauma, alcoholism, or high blood pressure. Damaged nerve endings or the bones in the inner ear stiffening can be to blame. Many times, tinnitus is a symptom of an underlying condition, but is usually not serious.

A physician will perform a series of tests in this situation to find the source of the problem. A check for earwax buildup and possibly a complete hearing test will be performed. In cases that no immediate cause can be found, a set of x-rays may be ordered.

Nose

Not only is the nose the organ responsible for our sense of smell, it is also the main entry way for air to get into our lungs. The inside of the nose is divided by the septum, which is comprised of bone and cartilage; on both sides of this, near the middle of the nasal cavity, are a number of small bones called conchae.

These are covered with mucous membranes, which continually produce mucous that helps warm, moisturize, and cleanse the incoming air. The membrane is also covered with hairlike filaments called cilia, which help cleanse the air we breath in. Linked to the nasal cavity are the sinuses – air pockets in the face and skull which are also covered with mucous membranes.

Most problems in the nasal cavity start out with a stuffy nose. This can usually be cleared up with over the counter medications such as decongestants or antihistamines. Often times, a stuffy nose will be caused by a cold or allergies. If the nasal passages continue to be stuffed, there is sinus pain, or bleeding has continues for more than twenty minutes, a trip to the doctor should be seriously considered.

Additional Testing

A doctor may order x-rays or a CT scan of the sinuses to detect a problem in this area. These can show fluid build up in the sinuses or a thickening of the mucous membranes associated with sinusitis. A nasal swab test may also be used to diagnose various strains of influenza or other infections.

An allergy skin test can be used to detect any allergies that may be causing trouble in the nasal passages. During this test, a physician will introduce a suspected allergen just under the skin. Watching for any reaction will determine if a person is allergic to that particular allergen. These are usually done on the forearm or back.

Nosebleeds

Most nosebleeds aren’t considered serious and are usually caused by some sort of trauma. They can originate in the front or the back of the nose.

Nosebleeds from the front of the nose are the most common and are usually caused by such things as nose-picking or inhaling irritable substances. Blood will flow out the nostrils. More times than not, they can be taken care of at home.

Stopping the Blood Flow

To stop the flow of blood, pinching the nose and keeping the head elevated above the heart works in most cases. A cold compress or ice pack may also be applied, but the nose should never be picked or blown when it is bleeding. If the bleeding does not stop within twenty minutes or if the nose may have been broken, medical attention is necessary.

If a nosebleed originates in the back, blood will flow down the back of the nose and throat. This is more serious and requires immediate medical attention.

Some people will experience frequent nosebleeds, which may require a physician’s care. A blood vessel in the nose may be cauterized, or a nasal balloon catheter may be inserted to put pressure on the vessel.

Sinusitis

An infection in the sinuses is referred to as sinusitis. Most of the time, sinusitis starts with a cold or allergies, which cause an increase in mucous production. Sometimes, these may also cause the mucous membranes to swell and cause the mucous to build up and get trapped in the sinuses. Many times this lets bacteria grow in the sinuses.

Pain is often a symptoms of sinusitis. It can be felt in the cheeks, forehead, or upper jaw. Green or yellow foul-smelling discharge, fever, and sore throat also often accompany a sinus infection. This can usually be taken care of at home with over the counter medicines, however if the infection lasts for more than a couple weeks or keeps coming back, a doctor’s care is needed.

Antibiotics and a nasal decongestant are usually the course of action taken by a physician for sinusitis. In more serious or reoccurring cases, a nasal endoscopy may be performed. This involves a doctor inserting a thin, flexible tube with a fiber optic light on it into the nasal passages to see inside the sinuses. Frequent sinus infections can be caused by immune deficiency or a structural abnormality such as a deviated septum.

Postnasal Drip

When mucous is felt dripping down the throat from the back of the nose, it is referred to as postnasal drip. This condition happens when there is an excessive production of mucous – usually caused by infections, allergies, irritation, or a structural abnormality.

If an infection is found, antibiotics are prescribed. If the cause of postnasal drip is due to allergies, antihistamines, decongestants, or immunotherapy may clear it up. Surgery may be required to fix a structural abnormality.

Throat

The throat is responsible for getting air into the lungs, food into the stomach, and speech. It starts at the back of the nasal cavity, down to the trachea and esophagus. When food passes down the throat, a small flap called the epiglottis closes over the windpipe to prevent food from becoming lodged in an airway.

An infection in any part of the throat can cause a sore throat. This is one of the most common ailments and usually can be taken care of at home. At times, an antibiotic is required to clear up an infection and rarely, surgery. Smoking and excessive alcohol use can irritate the sensitive throat tissues and cause chronic sore throats.

Testing for Infection

To test for throat infections, a doctor may do something called a rapid strep test. The back of the throat is swabbed and tested for the streptococcus bacteria. This usually takes less than a half hour. If nothing is found with the rapid strep test, a throat culture may be ordered. These results may take a few days, but can detect infections and are fairly accurate.

A doctor may perform a laryngoscopy. During this procedure, a light and tiny mirror are used to inspect the back of the throat. Another version of a laryngoscopy involves a flexible tube with a tiny light and camera to inspect the back of the throat.

Pharyngitis (sore throat)

Soreness in the throat, the constant urge to swallow, and difficulty swallowing are signs of a sore throat. Nine times out of ten, sore throats are caused by viruses. Warm salt water gargles, fluid intake, throat lozenges, and rest are is the recommended treatment to clear it up. If the sore throat is accompanied by fever, swollen lymph glands, or stomach ache, it could be more than a simple sore throat. A physician should be called.

At times it can be caused by a bacteria called streptococcus. Strep throat is reported in 10% of Americans per year. Along with pain in the throat, it may be accompanied by fever, headache, and muscle or joint pain. In this case, an antibiotic is needed and may be prescribed along with a mild pain killer.

Tonsillitis

Located on each side of the throat, the tonsils are thought to have no real purpose after the age of five. When the tonsils become inflamed and infected, this is called tonsillitis.

Tonsillitis is characterized by a sore throat, fever, chills, painful swelling of the lymph glands and difficulty swallowing. Head, ear, and muscle aches are also reported.

If the infection is bacterial, an antibiotic is needed, but treatment for tonsillitis is just like any other sore throat – painkillers, rest, and fluids. In some rare instances, if chronic infections are found in the tonsils, surgery may be performed to remove them. It is thought that removing the tonsils entirely may be less expensive than repeated treatment of chronic sore throats.

Laryngitis

The larynx is the upper part of the trachea responsible for speech. commonly referred to as the voice box, it contains the vocal cords. Laryngitis is when the vocal cords become inflamed. It may accompany another local infection or an infection in the upper respiratory system.

Hoarseness or total loss of the voice are the main symptoms of laryngitis. Pain, tickling, or swelling in the throat are other common symptoms along with a cough and fever.

Most instances of laryngitis can be treated at home by resting the voice and throat lozenges. If the infection is bacterial, it will require an antibiotic. If the hoarseness lasts more than two weeks or it becomes difficult to breath, medical attention in required.

Natural remedies

It is always best to consult a physician before trying any natural or herbal remedy for any ailment. For many though, they work and they work well. As with any medical problem, there are a few natural remedies for ear, nose, and throat disorders.

Yogurt

When taking a prescription antibiotic, eating yogurt may help prevent ear, nose, and throat infections from coming back again and again. It contains live bacteria that helps the human body by helping the infection fighting bacteria in our bodies.

Garlic

Garlic contains something called allicin and can be used as a natural antibiotic. It does not kill the helpful bacteria in our bodies that we need to naturally fight infection like prescription antibiotics do. Sucking on a slice of garlic for about 15 minutes will help ease a throat infection. The odor free garlic capsules now commonly sold in stores will not work for this. The allicin is what causes the strong “garlicky” smell, and the allicin is what gives garlic many of its medicinal qualities.

Kelp

Though it tastes quite nasty, a tea made from powdered kelp can coat the throat and kill the streptococcus bacteria that causes strep throat.

Lemon and Honey

A sore throat can be eased by drinking a mixture of honey and lemon. Tea with honey and lemon added may also help.

Insomnia, often referred to as a sleeping difficulty, restlessness or sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder. Insomnia happens when a person has one or more of the following symptoms:

• Trouble falling asleep, no matter how tired a person is
• Falls asleep but wakes up often
• Feels like he or she has not slept during the night
• Feels tired during the daytime
• Has unexplained bouts or fatigue
• Has a loss of concentration
• Experiences headaches; mild or severe
• Feels irritable or edgy
• Lacks motivation

According to statistics, approximately 30 million Americans experience insomnia. Approximately 51% of Americans experience insomnia because of stress or anxiety. (2008. Insomnia Statistics..these numbers might surprise you.)

Sometimes, there is no explanation as to why people get insomnia. Insomnia can occur in anyones life at any time. Sometimes, there are specific causes for insomnia. More than often, there are causes, but some people cannot figure out why they have insomnia.

Ultimately, there are ways to find out why insomnia has occurred, and there are ways to deal with this sleep disorder and cure it. Also, there are methods one can use to make sure the insomnia does not return.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can be risks and cause a person to acquire a sleep order like insomnia. Certain types of medications, various environmental aspects, physical or emotional issues, vital events in life that can cause additional stress and other risk factors can bring on insomnia.

Medications that can cause insomnia are:

• Blood pressure pills
• Antidepressants
• Cold and allergy medications
• Asthma medications

Various Environmental Aspects:

• Noisy places or work environments
• Bright lighting, too much sun, some fluorescent lighting
• Tremendous changes in temperatures: cold or hot

Physical or emotional issues:

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Physical aches and pains
• Diabetes: fluctuations in glucose levels

Vital Events in Life that can additional extra Stress:

Diversity with work such aslosing a job, starting a new job, getting a promotion, losing pay, or anything else that happens with work that can add extra stress to a persons life

Changes at home with the family like divorce, separation, death, accidents, disabilities, relocating, and other family related happenings that affect how a person feels

As stated earlier, there is not always a logical explanation as to why a person gets insomnia. A person could be excited about something new in his or her life, or a person could be looking forward to an upcoming event and insomnia occurs pursuant to being excited or anxious about these events.

Test and diagnosis considerations:

When a person believes he or she has insomnia, a doctor can confirm this sleep disorder with a few basic exams and evaluations:

• A physical exam
• Review the patients medical history
• Evaluate a patients sleep patterns

Most doctors will ask a patient to keep a written record of sleep patterns for one to two weeks. This sleep pattern documentation is often referred to as a sleep diary. In this diary, a person will keep track of how he or she sleeps each time sleep is attempted, and he or she will keep a record of how he or she feels each day.

Sometimes, the patient might be asked if it is okay for the doctor to speak with his or her sleep mate, so that the doctor can get a better idea of what is happening with the patients sleep patterns and life.

Generally, doctors will advise a patient to try medically related options used as cures & remedies for insomnia, but a person is more than welcome to try herbal and home remedies if he or she wants to.

Different cultures use other methods when seeking cures & remedies for insomnia. Some of the cures & remedies for insomnia might be the same or quite similar and some of the methods used to cure insomnia might be a lot different. Each culture will try its own remedy to cure insomnia and there are many great options available to sufferers of insomnia nowadays.

Common Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

Chamomile

Chamomile tea is often used to help a person to fall asleep naturally and sleep all night. Chamomile is not only for bedtime. A person can drink this tea during the daytime, too, and the tea helps a person to relax. Chamomile tea is inexpensive and does not have any side effects.

Melatonin

Melatonin is a medication that a person can purchase without having a prescription. Melatonin is a natural sleep aid and is taken at least one to two hours before a persons scheduled bedtime. This medication is not addictive and is used by many people to help them get a good nights sleep, continuously. Melatonin costs approximately $12.00 per bottle. Since this natural medication is non-addictive, there are no known side effects with this medication.

Melatonin is a natural component that the body creates. Melatonin levels are affected by artificial lighting in rooms during the daytime. When a person sleeps at night, melatonin levels will normally remain at the levels they are supposed to. For those who sleep during the daytime because they work at night, melatonin levels will be irregular.

Melatonin is normally created by the body during the hours between 2 A.M. and 4 A.M. When people grow older, the body does not produce as much melatonin as it did when they were young children.

Pill Form

The pill form of melatonin has been proven to be very effective in assisting people with sleeping. Some people might feel a bit groggy the next morning. As with any medication, it is always a good idea to text the new medicine out and be cautious when operating any machinery and when driving an automobile, for the first few days. Even if a person does not feel groggy the next morning, he or she should keep in mind that some medications might affect the reflexes.

Statistics show that feeling groggy or have less control over reflexes is not seen in people who take melatonin. However; each person is different and some medications can do the opposite to people than what the medication says it will. For instance, some people might take a medication that has been invented to help a person sleep, and it might give them more energy instead.

These reactions to medications, herbs, and other sleep aids are rare.

Pharmaceutical

Ambien is a popular name for a sleep aid that is a non-narcotic medication. This pharmaceutical medication has been invented to help a person fall asleep and to remain sleeping all through the night. People should be cautious while driving and while operating any machinery when they are using this medication as a cure or remedy for insomnia.

When a person uses Ambien, it should be taken at least one hour before a planned bedtime, and a person should plan on sleeping at least 8 hours. Also, a person should try not to head out of the house for a little while after waking up. This medication needs to have time to process through the body and will last for 8-10 hours. When a person has depression, Ambien can cause the depression to be worse.

Ambien has a few side effects that can occur:

• Sleepwalking
• Trouble with memory
• Slight change in personality: A person can become aggressive or more ambitious
• Disorientation
• Irritability
• Hallucinations

Some allergic reactions that can occur are:

• Breathing troubles
• Tongue swelling
• Throat swelling

These side effects are rare but can be fatal. Whenever a person reacts to a medicine that does not feel right, it is highly recommended that he or she seek medical attention as soon as possible.

Mild side effects are:

• Morning grogginess
• Feeling dizzy
• Mild headaches
• Diarrhea

These side effects are rare and occur with short term use of this medication. Ambien is usually only prescribed for 7-10 days, to begin with, and then it can be used longer if necessary. Even though it is in a non-narcotic remedy, it can be addictive. Any medication can be addictive, even if it is made from natural components. Ambien costs approximately $170.00 for 30-10 mg tablets.

When it comes to pharmaceutical cures & remedies for insomnia, there is a wide selection to choose from nowadays. Somabien, Ambitropin, SomnaSlumber, Lunexor, Ambiplex, RestAid, AmbeSleep, Ambiatol, Sleep Aid Oil, and Sleep MD are the top ten pharmaceutical sleep aids listed as being effective with helping people to sleep better. The price range for these ten medications is around $16.00-80.00.

Surgeries

Sometimes, people will need surgery for medical conditions that are causing them pain, which is causing them insomnia. Also, a lot of people suffer from insomnia after having surgery. As mentioned here, there is a wide variety of options, pharmaceutical, herbal, non-addictive and psychological methods that can be used as cures & remedies for insomnia.

If a person has a disorder like restless leg syndrome, he or she might need to have surgery for a condition, and doctors generally offer sleeping pills and/or pain pills to patients after surgeries.

If a person wants to use non-addictive methods so that he or she does not become addicted to sleeping pills or pain pills, he or she can try some of these methods or seek therapy and ask a doctor about other alternatives.

Other Methods of Treatment

Valerian is a widely known medication that other cultures have used and have found effective in aiding with sleep. Valerian can be used in traditional environments as well. This treatment is considered to be an herbal supplement.

It is advised that a person asks his or her doctor before using this remedy for insomnia. A doctor that has specialized in herbal medicine is more suitable to consult with.

Some other names used for Valerian are Valeriana officinalis, radix valerianae, Indian valerian, red valerian, and vandal root.

Valerian has not been evaluated by the FDA. This herbal medication has been used to treat a variety of disorders or medical conditions.

People who suffer from insomnia, anxiety, headaches and abdominal pain, menopause and other medical or emotional conditions have used Valerian and have seen improvements as a result.

Some side effects when taking Valerian for a long period of time are:

• Headaches
• Hyper activity
• Agitation
• Sleeplessness
• Pupils dilating
• Heartbeats becoming irregular or other problems with the heart

As with all medications, it is good to ask a doctor before using new medications, especially if a person is already taken prescription drugs or using any other form of herbals cures & remedies for insomnia or other conditions. The average price for Valerian is approximately $22.00.

Additional Remedy Options

Cognitive behavioral therapy is a very popular psychological remedy that has been used to treat insomnia. Studies show that it has been very effective for people who have had emotional upsets that are the underlying reason for the insomnia. This treatment is usually one of the first ones that doctors suggest to patients as a treatment for insomnia.

Many people balk at the idea of going to therapy. People want quick fixes for insomnia, but cognitive behavioral therapy has proven itself over the years and people who tried it did begin to sleep better and form healthier sleep patterns.

Medicine and science have both tried to adapt a program that involved cognitive behavioral therapy and a medication as cures & remedies for insomnia, but there are no statistics that will show how well the combination works. There are statistics, though, that prove that long term cognitive behavioral therapy has been effective and lasts indefinitely.

Choosing the Right Option

Sometimes the quick fixes are not always the best choice. The quick fixes will work right then and there, but a person cannot take some medications forever, and when a person does use a quick fix medication, natural herb or other remedy for insomnia, and they stop taking it or doing that treatment, often times, the insomnia returns again.

Cognitive behavioral therapy could take a little longer to work, but it is a therapy and treatment that will work for a long period of time.

Prevention tips:

• Always strive to improve sleep habits and create healthy habits for sleeping
• Avoid napping on the bed or in other areas where you sleep at bedtime: napping on a sofa or in a lounger is better, as the bed is for bedtime
• Obtain a regular schedule for sleeping and stick with it
• Try to get up at the same time each day, even on days off
• Improve the environment of the home or office: oil burners with relaxing scents, new paint on walls, and so forth
• Keep a diary or write poems
• Make the bedroom as comfortable and quiet as possible and alleviate light from entering the bedroom
• Keep the home at 68-70 degrees while sleeping: 60 degrees is good, too. People sleep a lot better when it is cooler and it is healthier.
• After attempting sleep for a half an hour or so, get up and walk around or watch some TV for a bit and try to sleep again
• During enough water or other clear liquids during the daytime, do not drink or eat after 7 P.M., and try exercising for at least 30 minutes per day, but not too close to bedtime, as energy breeds energy
• Eat healthier meals and on a regular schedule
• Talk about problems or write about them when they arise

When people have insomnia, it can be mild or chronic, lasting a short time or for a long period of time. It is recommended that a person consult with a doctor to get confirmation for his or her insomnia diagnosis and before trying any medications or herbal and home remedies to cure insomnia. A doctor might prescribe other remedies for insomnia, too, like surgery or cognitive behavioral therapy.

Some medications should not be used for long periods of time, whether they are non-prescription or prescription, especially if they do not seem to help the sleep disorder, or if they only work once in a while. No one needs to suffer with insomnia and not find a cure or remedy, as there are a variety of options for everyone and something will work. Each person is different, so what works for one might not work for another.

Treatment Options

Insomnia can be treated with a variety of herbal medicines, prescription medicines, therapy or other alternatives, and insomnia can be prevented. No matter what is happening in life or why insomnia occurs, there are several options and tools for people to treat this sleep disorder and to overcome it.

Canker sores are also known as aphthous ulcers or aphthous stomatitis. They are characterized by small, shallow lesions found on the inside of the mouth. Eating or drinking can be difficult and very painful with canker sores, depending upon the size and location of the lesions.

Contrary to the beliefs of many people, canker sores are not an infection of the herpes virus. They are not the same thing as fever blisters or cold sores, which are usually found on the outside of the mouth. Unlike cold sores, canker sores are not contagious, and canker sores are also generally caused by bacteria, whereas cold sores are caused by a virus.

Additionally, if a cold sore is located on the inside of the mouth it will usually be found on the roof of the mouth, which is not a location that canker sores will be found.

Causes of Canker Sores

The exact cause of canker sores is not known, but doctors believe they are triggered by a number of different factors. Allergies are one possible cause. Some health professionals believe that the sores can be brought on due to an allergic reaction to certain foods, or due to an allergy of a type of bacteria that is typically found inside the mouths of humans.

A variety of other foods have been identified by health professionals as possible triggers of canker sores, including chocolate, shellfish, soy, walnuts, oats, mustard, and dairy products.

Immune system and nutritional deficiencies are also possible explanations for outbreaks. British doctors have concluded that a lack of folic acid, iron, and vitamin B12 are found in about 20 perfect of patients with canker sores.

Associations have also been found between vitamin C deficiencies and the presence of canker sores. It is also possible that a problem with the patient’s immune system leads the body to attack normal cells in the mouth.

Hormones

Hormones can also play a role in the development of canker sores. Many women feel that their outbreaks occur during their menstrual period, and others notice that they go into a remission stage while they are pregnant. Currently there is not enough research into this area to be able to make any definitive conclusions as to whether hormones play a major role in canker sore outbreaks.

Injuries to the mouth can also be causes of canker sores. Biting the side of your cheek while chewing food or having sharp, metal braces rub against the inside of the patients mouth may develop a sore. They also may be caused by a person brushing their teeth too hard with a toothbrush.

Trauma may also come from food, such as a jagged edge of a potato chip rubbing against the inside of a person’s mouth. In one study it was determined that about four out of ten participants with canker sores believed that their lesions were caused by some sort of trauma or abrasion that occurred before the sores developed.

Although the presence of canker sores does not necessarily indicate an underlying medical condition, there are some diseases that present them as symptoms. In patients with Crohn disease, canker sores indicate a relapse or flare-up. Behcet’s disease is characterized by canker sores as well as eye inflammation and genital sores. Additionally, they have also been linked to the AIDS virus.

Medications

Certain medications have also been suggested to have possible connections with canker sore outbreaks. Beta blockers, anti-inflammatory medications, and chemotherapeutic agents have all shown some sign of being related to canker sores. Individuals with persistent or recurring sores should consult their physician if they are taking one of these medications.

Canker Sore Risk Factors

Anyone can develop a canker sore, as it is suggested that 80% of the population between the ages of 10 and 20 have experienced them. There are, however, some groups that are more susceptible to them than others. Canker sores are more common in women, especially in cases of clustered lesions.

Having a family member that has had canker sores can also make a person more likely to get them. A study has shown that of all the people that have recurrent canker sores, about a third of those individuals have a family history of them. It is not know whether this trend is due to genetics or the fact that individuals of the same family are more than likely exposed to the same foods and environmental factors.

Canker Sore Symptoms

To discuss the symptoms of canker sores, it is first important to differentiate the three types of sores, which are minor, major, and herpetiform canker sores. Minor canker sores are generally oval shaped and less than 1/2 inch in diameter. Generally they heal within a couple of weeks and do not result in any scarring.

Major canker sores are less common and more severe than minor canker sores. They have irregular edges and are larger than 1/2 inch diameter. Extensive scarring is usually observed with this type of sore, and they can take up to six weeks to heal.

Herpetiform canker scores typically develop later in life and occur in clusters of up to 100 sores. They have irregular sides, but they are typically smaller than 1/8 inch diameter. Like the minor sores they will heal within a couple of weeks with relatively no scarring.

Canker Sore Color

Most canker sores are white or yellow in color with a red border. Typically they are round or oval in shape, and they are found on the inside of the patient’s mouth. Generally they can be located on the gums, on or under the tongue, or inside the patient’s cheeks.

Some slight burning may be experienced at the site of the canker sore a couple or days before it appears. In some cases, patients may complain of other symptoms along with the actual sores. These include swollen lymph nodes and fever.

Treatment of Canker Sores

Minor canker sores typically do not need treatment, as they tend to heal on their own within a week or two, but treatment action may be taken in order to relieve some of their symptoms. Major or persistent sores often need medical care, as they tend to be very painful. There are a variety of treatment options available, including mouth rinses, topical pastes, oral medications, Debaceterol, and nutritional supplements.

Mouth Rinses

Mouth rinses are typically prescribed if a patient has multiple unpleasant sores. Rinses containing steroid dexamethasone can help to reduce inflammation and pain in the affected area. Patients are instructed to rinse with the product for a predetermined amount of time and then spit it out completely. Homemade rinses of hydrogen peroxide and water can also provide temporary relief and can prevent the sores from infection.

Rinses containing tetracycline help to reduce the painful symptoms of sores and also have been found to speed up the heal process, as the rinse prevents bacterial infections within the sores. When this type of rinse is used several times a day, it can relieve pain for 24 hours and can result in complete healing within 4-7 days.

The drawback of tetracycline is that it can make a patient more susceptible to the fungal infection oral thrush. This can cause painful lesions within the mouth, and it can permanently stain the teeth of children.

Mouthwashes containing chlorohexidine gluconate, like Peridex, area also especially effective in relieving the pain of canker sore patients. A study determined that when used three times a day, this mouth washed reduced the number of days that they lesions lasted in approximately 20 percent of users.

Topical Pastes

Topical pastes or gels are usually obtained with a prescription over the counter. Orabase is one possible paste that could be prescribed, and it contains benzocain, which can help to ease pain and speed up the healing process if it is applied as soon as the sores appear. Other possible recommendations may be Aphthasol, which contains amlexanox, and Lidex or Vanos, which contain fluocinonide.

There are other over-the counter products that people battling canker sore pain may find useful, as they contain a numbing agent that can help to relieve the painful symptoms of the lesions. Anbesol and Orajel are both recommended for canker sores, and both of these medicines can easily be obtained from a local pharmacy or grocery store.

Oral Medications

Oral medications may also be prescribed if the canker sores are severe and if they have developed into secondary infections. Zovirax, which is an antiviral drug, may be required if there are multiple and very painful lesions.

Some medications that are typically not intended specifically for canker sores are sometimes helpful in reducing their symptoms, including Tagamet, which is generally a heartburn drug, and colchicine, which is usually used to treat gout.

Corticoid steroids such as dexamethasone and prednisone may also be prescribed for treatment, although their usage is fairly rare. Steroid treatments are usually considered a last resort due to their serious side effects.

Debacterol

Debacterol is another topical solution, and it was created specifically to treat canker sores as well as gum problems. It works by chemically cauterizing the lesions, which reduces the time it takes for the sore to heal.

Nutritional Supplements

If a patient consumes a low amount of important nutrients, a physician may prescribe some supplements that will help the immune system to heal the affected area. Some possible prescriptions would be zinc, folic acid, vitamin B6, or vitamin B12.

Home Remedies

For people afflicted with canker sores that want to take a natural approach to symptom relief, there are many ingredients from their own cupboard that can be used. Baking soda and water can be mixed together to form a paste, and after it is applied to the sore it can provide some pain relief. One teaspoon of honey mixed with 1/4 teaspoon of turmeric can be dabbed on the sore as well.

The patient can also moisten a tea bag and apply it directly to the sore, causing it to be dried about by the tannic acid. Dabbing milk of magnesia onto the sore area has also been suggested as a method to relieve the pain caused by canker sore lesions.

When looking for relief in the freezer, ice is the most logical solution. This won’t make the sore go away, but it will certainly make it feel better and will numb the affected area.

It has been suggested that when taking this approach, the most relief will come from allowing the ice chips to melt over the affected area. From the spice rack, a person can create a combination of water and sage and rinse their mouth with it several times a day. Cayenne pepper also contains capsaicin, which temporarily desensitize nerves that carry pain.

When to See a Doctor

A patient should consult with a medical professional when canker sores become unusually large or if sores are recurring and new ones develop before old ones go away. If sores are persistent and do not go away, or if the pain is so severe it can’t be controlled with home care, a patient should also see their physician. Other red flags are high fever or extreme difficulty in drinking or eating, and these symptoms would definitely warrant a trip to the doctor’s office.

When preparing for a medical appointment regarding canker sores, there is some information the patient will want to gather before entering the doctor’s office. The patient will want to go over all of their symptoms, and they should write them down if necessary in order to not forget to mention something during the appointment.

The patient should bring in a list of their previous medical history as well as a list of all the medications they are taking. Personal information, including if any major changes have recently occurred in the patient’s life, should also be considered. Bringing all of this information into the physician’s office will help to save time and will ensure that the patient is properly diagnosed so the most effective treatment can be started.

The Actual Appointment

During the appointment, the patient’s doctor will also ask them a number of questions regarding their canker sores. In addition to the information discussed previously about what information to bring into the appointment, the doctor may ask about the patient’s daily diet, when they first noticed the lesions, if the patient has had any recent dental work done, and if the patient has ever had, or been treated for, similar sores in the past.

Generally with canker sores, a physician does not need to run any other tests to make a diagnosis. The patient’s doctor should be able to do this solely by looking at the lesions. If the physician feels that the sores are the result of another underlying medical condition, then he or she may perform other tests to determine if something else is the cause.

Canker Sore Prevention

People with a history of canker sores should avoid toothpaste with sodium lauryl sulfate in order to prevent new sores. This ingredient is irritating to mouth tissue, and avoiding it can be helpful for some patients. When the person brushes their teeth and gums with this type of toothpaste, or with any type of paste for that matter, they should be sure to brush gently so they do not irritate the areas where canker sores can develop. Toothpastes without foaming agents, like TheraBreath, may also be considered.

In order to prevent future canker sore flare ups, individuals should also watch what they eat and monitor their diet. Salty or spicy foods that can irritate a person’s mouth should be avoided, such as grapefruit, oranges, pineapple, or any other acidic fruit, as well as salty nuts, potato chips, or pretzels. The individual should also continue to eat healthy foods to maintain appropriate levels of nutrients within their body. Acidophilus, which is found in yogurt, contains beneficial bacteria that may fend off canker sores before they even begin.

Foods high in vitamin C should also be consumed, as long as they are not overly acidic and irritating to the oral cavity, as this vitamin helps to protect a person’s body against viruses.

Stress Causing Canker Sores

Canker sores have also been linked to stress, so eliminating as much stress from your life as possible can help to ward off future canker sore flare ups. Many people that report a canker sore outbreak also report that they are going through a period of emotional or psychological stress.

Studies have shown that patients with increased anxiety traits that are traced back to hereditary deficits also have higher rates of canker sore outbreaks. When a person is experiencing excessive stress, their body’s immune system is compromised, and their ability to fight off foreign bacteria or germs is inhibited.

Because stress is a possible trigger of canker sores, a way to prevent these outbreaks is to make sure that the individual gets plenty of exercise. Exercise promotes health and well being in the individual’s body as well as clears the mind. All of these components are important in fighting of canker sores and other types of illnesses or diseases the individual might face.

Definition of Cough

A cough (the latin word is “tussis,” which lends its name to the suffix of some cough medicines) is a natural muscle reflex of the body attempting to remove some irritation, collection or blockage from the throat or lungs in order to allow for normal breathing and swallowing.

The normal breathing pattern occurs when air is passed through the nose and mouth down through the vocal cords (larynx) via the windpipe (trachea) and into our lungs (bronchi). Once in the lungs, the air flows into smaller air passages called “bronchioles.” At the cellular level, oxygen is added through the bloodstream, where the waste product of carbon dioxide is removed.

When an irritant bothers any section of the respiratory (breathing) system, the nerves send a message to the brain, which triggers the “cough” impulse to clear the blockage. The abdomen and diaphragm push air up past the “epiglottis,” which is a flap of elastic cartilage tissue attached to the root of the tongue that closes the throat. The force of this sudden force attempts to dislodge the foreign irritant.

There are many different cough types depending on the immediate irritant or underlying malady. Some coughs are voluntary, others are involuntary. Usually, a cough is associated with a cold or influenza (flu); but, it could also be a sign of a more serious ailment.

Symptoms

A cough is a natural process; if it is voluntary and removes any foreign irritant, then it is not a cause for concern. When there is an abnormal state of the respiratory system – nose, throat or lungs – a cough will attempt to clear the blockage. General dryness, irritation or swelling of the breathing system can trigger a cough.

Coughs can be grouped by duration, intensity and type of phlegm (also called sputum) expelled; a medical professional can determine the cause of the cough based on these characteristics. A mild cough that lasts only a couple of days is categorized as “acute.” A repetitive cough, lasting more than a month, is called “chronic,” and can be a sign of a more serious condition, like Bronchitis.

Symptoms of a cough can include the following:

• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Muscle aches.

A doctor should be called when the following serious conditions occur with a cough:

• Blue colour in lips, tongue or face
• Coughing up blood
• Exhaustion
• Greenish-yellow or bloody sputum (phlegm)
• Heavy sweating
• High fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit
• Hives
• Lasting for weeks
• Losing weight
• Patient is younger than three years old
• Stiff neck
• Swelling of throat, neck or face
• Violent Stridor or Whooping Cough.

Causes

Specific Irritants

Coughing is the body’s mechanism to clear the throat passage of any irritant, foreign particle or blockage. Some irritants are airborne contaminants – like dust, smoke, exhaust and smog. The most common foreign particles are food, which can get stuck in the throat, impeding air flow. The common cold or flu can lead to a build-up of mucus that blocks the throat.

Microorganisms including microbes, viruses and bacteria can infect the respiratory system. Allergic reactions to food, perfumes, chemicals or animals can lead to the swelling of throat membranes. More serious conditions can lead to psychological and physical problems with breathing.

General Categories

The following are all possible causes of a cough:

• Acute Sinusitis – Inflamed or swollen nasal passages
• Air pollution – Tobacco smoke, smog or exhaust
• Allergy – Hypersensitive reaction to some chemical, i.e. hay fever, food or pets
• Asthma (Hyperactive Airways Disease) – Bronchial tubes narrowed due to reaction
• Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – (Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis or Bronchiolitis) – congestion, infection or inflammation of these major air tubes can be very serious
• Common cold – There is no known cure for this ailment
• Foreign body – Typically, food gets stuck in trachea (windpipe), causing swallowing difficulties
• Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) – Stomach acid flows back into esophagus causing heartburn
• Laryngitis – Hoarseness of larynx due to overuse
• Lung (Pulmonary) problems – These ailments include cancer, edema (fluid) or embolism (blood clot)
• Medication reaction – Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors – Enalapril (Vasotec), Captopril (Capoten), and Lisinopril (Zestril) – are used to treat hypertension (heart disease)
• Pertussis (“Whooping cough”) – Airway infection caused by the bacteria Bordetella Pertussis
• Pleurisy – Inflammation of this lung membrane
• Pneumonia – Lung infection caused by microorganisms (viruses, fungi, parasites or bacteria)
• Post-Nasal Drip – Nose, sinuses and throat produce mucus that irritates throat
• Respiratory Synctial Virus (RSV) – Lung infection and blockage of breathing passages
• Throat Disorders (Croup, Strep, Tonsillitis or Pharyngitis) – Caused by virus or bacteria
• Tuberculosis – Serious infectious disease caused by the Tubercle Bacillus.

Risk Factors

Since most coughs are the result of a cold or flu, a weak immune system is the primary risk factor. Those who are overweight, smoking or experience cold-and-wet conditions for prolonged periods of time are most at-risk for conditions like GERD, lung cancer or pneumonia. Children have weaker immune systems, so they are more likely to get mild coughs.

It is very easy to transmit germs through the air or via physical contact. When someone coughs, the speed of the discharged air can reach speeds of up to 60 miles-per-hour. Sick people should cover their coughs with a handkerchief, tissue or sleeve.

Prevention Tips

“An Ounce of Prevention is Worth a Pound of Cure!”

The best way to prevent a cough is by strengthening your immune system, keeping your environment free of airborne contaminants and eating healthy meal dosages. There are germs everywhere, especially on keyboards, phones and handles that are used by different people. Wash your hands before and after meal preparation, when handling garbage, or cleaning. Using soap and sanitary alcohol cleaners can kill dangerous microorganisms before they infect you.

Other conditions that can prevent coughs include not eating within an hour before going to sleep, staying away from spicy foods, not smoking and reducing weight. Suggestions for avoiding GERD include wearing loose-fitting clothing and elevating your head while sleeping. Some ailments, like the “whooping cough” (pertussis), can be prevented with vaccines: Diptheria, Tetanus and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP).

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Testing

Mild, acute, voluntary coughs might go away by themselves. Violent, chronic, involuntary coughs might require testing and professional medical treatment that would reveal deeper underlying problems. The following types of tests could be administered for coughs: blood and urine, imaging, scoping, or breathing.

Blood and urine tests:

These will search for common chemicals produced when different ailments are present. A common chemical produced during Asthma attacks is Immunoglobin E; thus, specialists will test to see if this chemical is present in the patient’s body.

Imaging tests:

• The Computerised Axial Tomography (CAT/CT) Scan uses a computer and x-rays to create a cross-directional map of the body for better analysis of the respiratory system.
• Medical professionals can use x-rays on the heart, lungs, or chest to search for serious maladies, like Lung Cancer.

Scoping tests:

These are performed with a small, thin, flexible, fiber-optic camera tube used to detect foreign bodies, blockages and tumours:

• Nasal endoscopy for sinuses
• Upper endoscopy for throat
• Bronchoscopy for windpipe and lungs.

Breathing tests:

These breathing tests measure lung capacity, like the “Bronchoprovocation” challenge, where the patient inhales a medication, like “Methacholine” and the pulmunologist measures the lung response.

A spirometer (peak flow meter) measures the strength of lung capacity as patients blows air into a container. A lung specialist, called a pulmunologist, might administer this test to determine possible lung problems.

Diagnosis Factors

Doctors will ask a series of questions in order to gather information that might reveal the source of a cough, including the following:

• How long has the cough lasted?
• Are there certain times that the cough is more intense?
• What type of mucus is being coughed up?
• What colour is the coughed-up mucus?
• Are you allergic to anything?
• Do you have any history of diseases in your family?
• Do you drink or smoke?
• Are you taking any medications?

A doctor would physically examine the nose, throat and lungs to see if there was any swelling. The intensity, duration and sound of the cough all help the health professionals diagnose the cough’s origins.

Since a cough can occur for so many different reasons, there are a variety of treatments that can be administered. Most physicians will advise patients to drink plenty of liquids and use some sort of cough syrup to lubricate the throat area. Therapy will be carefully conducted as the medical professional watches for how the body responds.

Cough Types

The following cough types are associated with specific ailments:

• Atopic cough could derive through genetic allergic hypersensitivity
• Psychogenic cough (Tourette’s Syndrome) is a nervous “habit” or “tic” caused by mental anxiety
• Dry cough could be Pleurisy
• Barky cough associated with Croup caused by swelling of larynx (voice box)
• Smoker’s cough due to dryness or burning of trachea
• Whooping cough (Pertussis) can be continuous without air being breathed in between coughs
• Wheezing (or Whistling) cough is usually due to swollen airways caused by asthma
• Nighttime cough is due to fluid collecting in lungs while laying down
• Mucus-filled cough could be a sign of COPD

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

The purpose of most treatments is to control mucus expectoration, or lubricate the throat. Because coughs are such a common ailment, many families have a storage house of home cures and remedies that are affordable and easy to make. Cool or warm juice can help rejuvenate throat tissue that is becoming raw or prickly. Usually, people should stay away overly acidic orange juice that might upset the stomach. Chicken noodle soup and fibre are favourite foods. Honey and lemon offer energy and a sharp burst of citrus to bust through clogs.

A small amount of brandy can help patients sleep, moistening the throat and killing bacteria. Patients must be careful to continue to drink large amounts of water, since alcohol will tend to dry the body out. Herbal remedies include menthol, camphor, eucalyptus and tea to soothe air passages. Most cough sweets (drops) include a combination of these herbs.

Pharmaceutical

Cough medications aim at reducing the mucus in the throat passages, acid in the stomach or body pains. Cough syrups usually have a combination of medicines for treating coughs.

• A cough suppressant – like Codeine, Dextromethorphan or Quaifenesin – will directly reduce any throat muscle irritation that causes the cough.
• Antihistimines, like Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), stop runny noses, sneezing and the Upper Airway Cough Syndrome (UACS) by freeing up mucus that clogs airways.
• Nasal decongestants, like Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) clean out sinus conditions (post-nasal drip or a stuffy nose), so that people can breathe more easily.
• Pain relievers, like Aspirin, reduce the headaches and body aches that sap the strength of the cougher. Don’t give Aspirin or adult cough medicine to children.
• GERD can be treated by anti-acid, proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) – Famotidine (Pepcid), Cimetidine (Tagamet), Esomeprazole (Nexium), Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Omeprazole (Prilosec), Pantoprazole (Protonix), Rabeprazole (Aciphex), or Ranitidine (Zantac).
• Antibiotics can help treat more serious ailments, killing bacteria that can cause the conditions that lead to a cough. Antibiotics don’t help treat the common cold.
• Nasal inhalers, like Ipratropium Bromide (Atrovent), can also be used to relieve congestion.
• Bacterial Pneumonia and Bronchitis can be treated with Azithromycin (Zithromax).
• Corticosteroids can treat Eosinophil Granulocytes.
• Inhaled steroids or a bronchodilator can treat Asthma.
• Analgesics will help fight Pleurisy.

Surgeries

Surgery is the final treatment if a cough is chronic and severe. A sequence of tests should be conducted to verify the source of the cough. Extreme ailments, like a hiatic hernia, might require surgery. Major surgery can require extensive time for the body to recover.

Air Cleaning Systems

Better air cleaning technology has permitted people to purchase a number of systems that can improve their immediate living environment. There are a variety of different air purifier systems – High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA), Ionic and Ultraviolet – that usually work with air conditioning and heating furnace systems to remove dust, mold and allergens from the air. Those who suffer from severe asthma are turning to these air cleaning systems to prevent coughs.

Hot steam via a humidifier can help relieve dry throat conditions that cause coughing. A dehumidifer can clear out air that is so full of water vapour that it is difficult to breathe.

Side effects

Risks

When coughs fail to remove a foreign blockage from the space where air, liquid and food travel, the results can be very serious.

A continual cough can lead to any of the following side effects:

• Back muscle strain
• Dizziness
• Fainting
• Fractured ribs
• Headache
• Insomnia
• Leg swelling
• Lightheadedness
• Lung discomfort or pain
• Pneumonia
• Shortness of breath
• Swallowing difficulties.

When the patient is coughing up blood (hemoptysis), get immediate medical attention. There could be blood in the stomach or lungs. This could be caused by COPD, a lung abscess, mitral valve stenosis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, or Wegener’s granulomatosis.

Efficacy

The efficacy of different treatments depends upon the person, strength of dosage and severity of any underlying ailment.

Costs

Home remedies are the most affordable, cough sweets are very cheap.

Surgery can be very expensive.

Remedies from other cultures

Many African cultures use hot peppers, especially in pepper soup to burn through the microorganisms and mucus that may cause a cough. The herb, “Pelargonium Sidoides,” is found in South Africa; it has natural immune system boosters and anti-inflammatory agents.

The Chinese herb, “Radix Platycodi” is used for clearing phlegm from lungs. “Biao Men Dong” is used for coughs. “Bai He Gu Jin Tang,” “Er Chen Tang,” “Ding Chuan Tang,” and “Chuan Bei Pi Pa Gao” are other natural remedies for coughs.