immune deficiency

Gastritis refers to a group of different conditions that have a single thing in common, and that is the lining of the stomach being inflamed. The inflammation that gastritis causes is usually due to an infection that is responsible to the majority of stomach ulcers. However, there are several other factors that can contribute to the development of gastritis, such as traumatic injury, regularly taking in some pain relievers or drinking much more alcohol than necessary.

Gastritis may be a sudden occurrence (acute gastritis) or it can be a problem that happens over time (chronic gastritis). In some instances, this condition may lead to ulcers and have an increased risk towards developing stomach cancer. However, for most people, it is not a serious condition and it gets better with treatment.

Symptoms

Symptoms of gastritis may include:

Indigestion, which is a burning or a gnawing ache or pain in the upper abdomen, which can become either better or worse with eating;

• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Bloating
• Belching
• Fullness in the upper abdomen after eating
• Weight loss

Acute gastritis occurs on a sudden basis and is the more likely of the two to bring on nausea and a discomfort in the upper abdomen. Its chronic counterpart develops over time and is the more likely of the two to cause fullness and a lack of appetite after only a few bites of food. However, many people do not experience symptoms who have chronic gastritis.

Sometimes, gastritis may cause the stomach to bleed, though it is rare for this to be severe. Keep in mind that any bleeding in the stomach that results in vomiting blood or stools to be black and tarry will require immediate medical assistance.

When to See a Doctor

Almost everybody has dealt with some form of indigestion and stomach irritation. Most instances of such are short lived and do not need any kind of medical attention. However, if the symptoms are present and consistent for over a week, a doctor should be called. A doctor should also be told if there are any stomach problems after taking any kind of over the counter or prescription drugs, especially if they are pain relievers such as aspiring.

See the doctor immediately if there is blood in the vomit or in the stools.

Causes

Many factors may contribute to the development of gastritis, such as:

Bacterial infection. People who are infected with Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, may suffer gastritis, and most likely, it is chronic. It is believed that half of the people in the world are infected with H. pylori and that it is passed from person to person. However, most people who are infected do not suffer any complications. Some people may experience H. pylori breaking down to protective lining of the stomach, which can causes changes to it. However, it is not known why some people do not experience problems with H. pylori while some others do. Doctors feel it may be due to lifestyle choices or inherited vulnerability.

Regularly using pain relievers. NSAIDS, or nonsteroisal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others), aspirin and naproxen (Aleve), might cause both kinds of gastritis. By using these drugs on a regular basis or by taking too many of them, it is possible to lose a key substance within the body that is supposed to preserve the protective lining within the stomach. Occasional usage of these substances should not result in stomach issues.

Excessive alcohol use. Alcohol is known to erode the lining of the stomach, making the stomach much more vulnerable to digestive juices.

Stress. Severe stress related to traumatic injury, major surgery, severe infections or burns are known to cause acute gastritis.

Bile reflux disease

Body cells attacking stomach cells. Autoimmune gastritis is a rare instance in which a person’s own body cells are responsible for the condition, attacking the cells within the stomach lining. This causes the immune system to pick away at the protective barrier. This is more common with those who have other autoimmune disease, such as type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto’s disease or Addison’s disease. This may also be connected with vitamin B-12 deficiency.

Other conditions. Other medical conditions may be to blame for the gastritis, such as Crohn’s disease, HIV, AIDS, parasitic infections, liver failure, connective tissue disorders or kidney failure.

Risk Factors

Some factors which may increase the risk of developing gastritis include:

• Infection of H. pylori;
• Regularly using aspirin; or
• Old age.

Complications

When left untreated, gastritis may lead to stomach bleeding and stomach ulcers. There is also the risk of stomach cancer in some forms of chronic gastritis, especially when the lining of the stomach is extensively thinned and there are changes to cells thereof.

Tests and Diagnosis

The doctor will likely be able to diagnose gastritis after discussing medical history and undergoing an examination, though there may still be some tests performed to figure out the true cause. Some tests include:

Blood tests. The doctor may require that a blood test be ordered in order to determine whether or not there are any antibodies for H. pylori present. If the test comes back positive, it only confirms that, at some point in life, H. pylori has visited the body, but it does not necessary mean that the person is currently infected. The blood tests may also check for instances of anemia, which can be caused by stomach bleeding, which is caused by gastritis.

Breath test. This is a test that can easily tell if someone is infected with H. pylori.

Stool tests. Checking a sample of stool will allow a doctor to check for H. pylori. A positive test usually suggests a person is currently infected and usually prompts a doctor to check the stool for blood, which is a sign of stomach bleeding.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Upper gastrointestinal X-ray. This will require taking X-rays of the stomach and of the small intestine so that the doctor can monitor them for signs of gastritis and any other digestive problems which may be present. This is usually taken only after having swallowed barium, which is a liquid that is supposed to coat the lining present in the digestive tract, which allows the tract to appear more clearly when taking an X-ray.

Treatments and Drugs

Treating gastritis depends on what is causing it to develop. If a person is experiencing acute gastritis due to alcohol or pain relievers, the treatment would be to cease usage of the substances. When the gastritis is chronic and due to H. pylori, the treatment would involve eradicating traces of the bacteria. Most of the treatment plans also include having to take medicine which is meant to treat stomach acid, so that healing within the stomach may also be promoted.

Medicines That Can Treat Stomach Acid

Stomach acid further irritates the already irritated and inflamed tissue within the stomach, which causes it to be even more inflamed and results in pain. This is why it is recommended to neutralize stomach acid, including:

Antacids. Maalox and Mylanta are two examples of over the counter antacids, which can come in tablet or liquid form, which can be a common kind of treatment for a mild case of gastritis. These are useful in neutralizing the acid within the stomach and can usually provide pain relief quickly.

Acid blockers. When the antacids are not helping on their own, another medication may be recommended by the doctor, such as ranitidine (Zantac, cimedtidine (Tagamet), famotidine (Pepcid) or nizatidine (Axid), so that the stomach does not produce as much acid as usual.

Shutting down acid pumps. There are some medications that are called proton pump inhibitiors, which aim to reduce acid by blocking off the little pumps that are located in the cells of the stomach where the acid secretes. These kinds of medications include rabeprazole (Aciphex), lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium) and omeprazole (Prilosec).

Medicines That Can Treat H. Pylori

There are several different regimens that serve to treat infections of H. pylori. Most doctors will simply use a combination of a couple of antibiotics in addition to using a proton pump inhibitor. On some occasions, bismuth, more commonly known as Pepto-Bismol, might be included in the mixture. The antibiotics serve to destroy the bacteria and the proton pump inhibitor is present to relieve nausea and pain, increase the effectiveness of the given antibiotics and to heal the present inflammation.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

There are many reasons that digestive problems can develop for many different reasons, which include several lifestyle choices that can be controlled. It is recommended to:

Eat well. Not only is what is consumed important, but it is important to eat it well. Only eat a moderate amount at once, eat at normal times and try to relax while eating.

Maintain a healthy weight. Digestive problems are likely to occur in any weight class, but it is more common in those who are overweight, as are bloating, heartburn and constipation.

Make sure to get plenty of exercise. Aerobic exercise can stimulate the intestinal muscles, as can increased breathing and heart rate. This will allow the food to pass through more quickly. Try to perform at least half an hour of aerobic activity as often throughout the week as possible.

Manage stress.

Prevention

Even though it is not always possible to prevent being infected with H. pylori, there are a few ways to reduce the risk of developing gastritis:

Eat smart. Those who experience indigestion frequently should attempt having more frequent, but smaller meals that can ease stomach acid effects. For that matter, it is wise to avoid the foods that are most irritating, include those that are acidic, spicy, fatty or fried. Though this step lowers the risk, it will not always prevent the occurrence.

Limit alcohol or avoid it completely. Excessively drinking alcohol has a tendency to erode the lining or mucous in the stomach, which results in bleeding and inflammation.

Do not smoke. Like alcohol, smoking has a habit of interfering with the lining present in the stomach, which makes the stomach not only more susceptible to developing gastritis, but also for developing ulcers. Additionally, smoking increases stomach acid, which delays stomach healing and it is one of the leading risk factors with regards to stomach cancer.

Use different pain relievers. Whenever possible do not take aspirin, naproxen or ibuprofen. If pain relievers are needed, stick with the ones that have acetaminophen.

What is Liver Cirrhosis?

Let’s start of by discussing what the liver is and what it does. The liver is a large organ that is part of the digestive system in the body. Some of its functions are making many important substances that help to digest food and clot blood, controlling the amounts of sugar, protein, and fat in the bloodstream, storing vitamins and minerals, filtering poisons from the blood, and breaking down alcohol and many kinds of drugs.

Liver cirrhosis, or cirrhosis of the liver, is something that occurs after years of chronic liver disease. Cirrhosis is a replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis and regenerative nodules. Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue, known as scar tissue. Regenerative nodules are lumps that form after damaged tissue is regenerated.

It is obvious when looking at the functions of the liver that the body cannot survive without it. The scaring and regenerative nodules can also cause high blood pressure in veins that take blood from the intestines through the liver. This high blood pressure can lead to severe bleeding in the digestive tract, among other problems.

What are some symptoms of liver cirrhosis?

Some people with liver cirrhosis may not show any signs. Other patients may have nonspecific signs that don’t point to the liver as the cause. People with common symptoms may experience:

• Yellowing of the skin, known as jaundice. This is due to an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood.
• Tiredness and weakness
• Nosebleeds and easy bruising
• Weight loss
• Belly pain or discomfort
• Loss of appetite
• Itching
• Confusion
• Fluid buildup in the legs and the belly
• Bleeding in the stomach or in the esophagus

What are some causes of liver cirrhosis?

Alcohol is the most well known cause of liver cirrhosis and is very common, especially in the Western world. High levels of alcohol consumption on a regular basis for ten years or more will damage liver cells. Five or more drinks a day for a man and three or more drinks a day for a women is considered to be a high level.

Chronic viral hepatitis can cause cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can develop in 10-20% of people with long-term viral hepatitis, usually types B or C. It usually takes 20 years or longer for a patient that has chronic hepatitis for to develop cirrhosis, but the time may be shortened if the person is also a heavy drinker.

Fat build up in the liver is another culprit. This condition is known as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Fat builds up in the liver and eventually causes scar tissue. This is commonly seen in people with diabetes, protein malnutrition, obesity, coronary artery disease, and people who have been treated with corticosteroid medications.

Immune Problems

Immune problems such as autoimmune diseases can also cause cirrhosis of the liver. The immune system will sometimes attack the liver and cause inflammation that leads to cirrhosis.

Autoimmune hepatitis is one of these diseases. It is commonly found in women. This disease causes inflammation and destruction of liver cells, which leads to cirrhosis. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is another liver disease caused by an abnormality in the immune system. This is also found mostly in women. With this disease, bile ducts become inflamed and destroyed. This blocks the normal flow of bile into the intestines. Destruction then spreads to liver cells. When liver cells are destroyed, scar tissue forms, leading to cirrhosis.

Blocked Bile Ducts

Blocked bile ducts are another factor that can lead to liver cirrhosis. Ducts that carry bile out of the liver can become inflamed and blocked. This may be caused by a problem with the immune system, but the exact cause is unknown.

Genetics

Inherited diseases can also lead to cirrhosis. Wilson’s disease, cystic fibrosis or hemochromatosis can all cause cirrhosis. Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency is another inherited disease that can cause liver damage because protein collects in the liver when it shouldn’t.
Infants can be born with problems that will lead to cirrhosis.

Some babies can be born without bile ducts. This is known as biliary atresia and will eventually lead to cirrhosis. Other infants have been born without vital enzymes that are needed to control sugars. This leads to a buildup of sugar in the liver and eventually to cirrhosis.

Less common causes of cirrhosis are drug reactions, prolonged exposure to toxins, and chronic heart failure. Infection of the liver by a parasite can also lead to cirrhosis and is the leading cause of the disease in parts of the world, particularly Northern Africa.

What puts me at risk for cirrhosis of the liver?

Alcohol is a huge risk factor for liver cirrhosis. Between 75 and 80 percent of all cirrhosis cases could have been prevented if the person had limited their alcohol consumption. As few as 2-4 drinks per day can lead to liver damage.

Certain medical conditions can put people at risk for liver cirrhosis. These conditions are hepatitis B, C, or D, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, hepatic congestion, certain inherited disorders and autoimmune hepatitis.

Age is another factor. The older a person gets, the more likely they are to develop cirrhosis. This is because the liver has been working longer and harder than a liver of a younger person.

Chronic exposure to environmental toxins such as arsenic has been known to cause liver cirrhosis. Other factors are:

• Severe excesses of vitamin A
• Repeated episodes of heart failure with liver congestion
• The parasitic infection schistosomiasis
• Severe adverse reactions to certain prescription drugs

How can I prevent liver cirrhosis?

If a person has certain liver conditions, there is no way to guarantee the prevention of cirrhosis. There are a few things that can be done to make cirrhosis less likely. Here a few things that can be done whether you have been diagnosed with a liver disease or not.

• See a doctor regularly. Many causes for cirrhosis are treatable with early intervention
• Follow a healthy lifestyle
• Limit alcohol consumption. If you drink every day, don’t drink more than one glass. If you have been diagnosed with a liver disease, do not drink at all.
• Receive a hepatitis B vaccine.
• Avoid high-risk sexual behavior to minimize the risk of contracting hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is spread through unprotected sex and multiple partners as well as nasal cocaine and sharing infected needles when using drugs.
• Be careful when using chemicals. If you handle chemicals such as cleaning products and pesticides on a regular basis wear protective clothing and a face mask.
• Try to keep your weight in the normal range. Being overweight can make liver diseases worse.

It is much easier to prevent a liver disease than to heal one. Take care of your body and watch what you put into it and your chances of getting a liver disease and ultimately cirrhosis are lessened.

How is liver cirrhosis diagnosed?

If you see a doctor and they suspect you may have a liver disease, the doctor may order blood or imaging tests to figure out what is causing the liver disease and what stage it is in. If your doctor suspects cirrhosis, he or she may do a liver biopsy. A liver biopsy consists of the doctor using a needle to take a sample of the liver tissue for testing.

How is liver cirrhosis treated?

There is no treatment that can cure cirrhosis. Sometimes, however, further damage can be prevented or delayed with treatment. If cirrhosis is severe enough, a liver transplant may be needed in order to keep the patient alive. Transplants are expensive and hard to do, so to be a candidate for a transplant you must be living a healthy life and you must have ceased all alcohol consumption, among other things.

Treating liver cirrhosis naturally

If cirrhosis is caused by alcohol, cutting off alcohol consumption is the best treatment. Anyone with liver cirrhosis or damage should be very careful about the kinds of medicines and substance they put into their body as well, because the liver is the organ that filters toxins out, and if cirrhosis is occurring, filtering harsh toxins may make the liver worse.

Treating liver cirrhosis with herbal remedies

Celery seed is a common herb used to treat cirrhosis. It has been proven to protect the liver from toxins and help prevent further scarring and damage. The seed has side effects however. It may cause bleeding and muscle contractions in the uterus, so pregnant women should not use it. It can also cause the skin to become very sensitive to UV rays. If taken in large quantities, it can be toxic to the kidneys. It is available fresh for about $12 for a 16 ounce bag or as a supplement for about $6 a bottle.

Dandelion Tea

Dandelion tea is another way to naturally help a liver with cirrhosis. It is a natural diuretic and drinking it two times a day can help with the excess fluid build-up that is caused by cirrhosis. It also heightens bile flow. The tea can cause some mild side effects such as gastric discomfort, and allergic reactions. Because it heightens bile flow, if cirrhosis is caused by blocked bile ducts, it should not be taken. It is available at health food stores or online for anywhere from $4 to $40 dollars depending on what quality of tea is desired.

Green Tea

Green tea is another natural supplement that can be taken to help with liver cirrhosis. It should be taken as many as five times a day to help prevent the spread of cirrhosis and replenish vitamins that the liver needs. It is rich in vitamin K, which is important for the liver, especially in early stages of liver disease. The tea contains caffeine, catechines and tannic acids which have all been liked to pregnancy risks and drinking tea in large amounts may cause neural tube birth defects in babies.

The tea has about half the amount of caffeine as a cup of coffee, but to drinkers that are sensitive to caffeine, it can cause restlessness, irritability, sleeping problems, heart palpitations, upset stomach, and a loss of appetite. Tea can also cause the body to not absorb iron efficiently which can lead to anemia. Green tea is available commercially at pretty low prices and may be a good thing to take on a regular basis if the benefits outweigh the risks.

Milk Thistle

Milk thistle extract has also been known to prevent and treat liver conditions. It helps protect the liver from further damage from viruses, toxins, certain drugs, and alcohol. Side effects of milk thistle extract include upset stomach, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and skin rashes. It is available for various prices, most under $50.

Turmeric

Turmeric is another thing that can be used to help the disease. It is a spice that adds a peppery flavor to foods. It protects the liver by aiding in elimination of harmful substances. There are no known side effects to turmeric. It is available in capsule form for around $10 or in powder form for around $4.

What are medicinal treatments for liver cirrhosis?

Medicines that are prescribed to a person with liver cirrhosis work to prevent further damage. No treatment can cure of repair scarring that has already happened. Corticosteroids and ursodiol are two drugs commonly prescribed to people suffering from liver cirrhosis.

Corticosteroids have been shown to reduce inflammation and can be helpful to patients whose cirrhosis was not caused by alcohol. Common side effects of corticosteroids are mood changes, weight gain, edema, and sleep loss. It is available generically at a pretty fair price.

Ursodiol can be used to treat those with biliary cirrhosis. The drug can replace lost biliary acids. While side effects are rare, they include things like abdominal pain, back pain, bronchitis, constipation, coughing, diarrhea, gas, headaches, indigestion, joint and muscle pain, nausea, sinus inflammation or infection, sore throat, upper respiratory tract infection, viral infection, or vomiting. Ursodiol can be bought at fairly low prices and may be a good therapy for those with liver cirrhosis.

Cracked Heels

Dry skin is a primary culprit of cracked heels. The body produces no oil in the palms of hands and on the bottom of the feet.

Therefore, the area remains dry most of the time. The feet require more care than other parts of the body in order to remain moisturized and free of cracks.

Today, most individuals engage in pedicures to remove dead skin and promote healthy skin. Regular cleaning and removal of the skin through various techniques will minimize the effects of cracked heels.

Individuals who do not use proper hygiene on their feet accumulate up to 30 times more skin in that area than on other parts of the body.

Heels are also more prone to cracking with age. Cracks or deep wounds may facilitate the development of infections. Calluses are thickened skin that may also form on the toes.

Where to Expect Foot Cracks

Though cracks in the skin may arise anywhere on the body, the most common is area is the rim of the heel and web of toes. This also happens to be the most frequently or constantly used part of the body. Dry skin and psoriasis are common causes of cracked heels.

Most foot problems arise due to neglect and oversight with regard to foot care. Cracked feet, corns and other common feet ailments are treatable and easily avoidable.

Avoid Infections

Cracked heels are not a harmful in anyway except when the fissures or cracks are deep. Over time, the cracks tend to become painful, and the skin begins to bleed.

This could lead to infection. This situation is avoidable. However, those already suffering from chronic ailments, such as diabetes or a low immune system, may experience more problems than people who have general good health.

Athlete’s Foot is also a common cause culprit of cracked heels.

There are several types of Athlete’s Foot that may contribute to cracked heels

• Toe Web Infection
• Moccasin Web Infection
• Vesicular Web Infection

Each of these common infections will be explained thoroughly in the causes section of this article.

Not only will attention to the feet reduce the chances of contracting Athlete’s Foot and other awful skin conditions, foot care may also release stress and remove toxins from the body.

Sufferers from arthritis, fatique and hyperglycemia may benefit from foot care, as well. Foot care will also enhance the person’s beauty. Most individuals become self conscious when attempting to wear sandals with cracked heels.

By maintaining proper moisture on the feet, individuals will feel confident about wearing sandals that expose the feet. Cracked heels will draw unwanted attention to feet and detract from an individual’s overall appearance. Podiatrists recommend focusing on the foot care each day or once per week to maintain a healthy appearance.

Alternative Names

Cracked heels are medically referred to as heel fissures. The wounds are linear and superficial in most instances. This becomes a problem when the cuts are deep into the dermis and become painful. Cracked heels may also indicate a zinc or omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.

Cracked heels may also occur due to Athlete’s Foot. Athlete’s Foot is often referred to as “tinea pedis.” This term describes an infection of the skin that may crack, scale, flake or itch. The infection is fungal and may also be referred to as the ringworm of the foot.

The fungus is in the Trichophyton family. Most individuals contract the fungus through the feet, but the disease may spread to other areas of the body. The fungus may also spread to the groin area. The fungus thrives in moist and damp areas.

Therefore, it is most often contracted in areas, such as showers or bathhouses, where people walk around barefoot. The best way to prevent Athlete’s Foot is through good hygiene. Pharmaceuticals and other treatments are available to cure the fungus once contracted.

Symptoms

Individuals suffering from cracked feet will notice small tiny lines in the feet. This marks the beginning of dry, cracked heels. In the case of Athlete’s Foot,

the symptoms may be any of the following

• Cracking
• Scaling
• Flaking
• Itching
• Splitting Skin
• Blisters

Individuals experiencing these symptoms should seek a physician or treat with an antibiotic. Several over the counter creams are available.

Other symptoms may be specific to the type of Athlete’s Foot contracted.

Some of the related symptoms to Athlete’s Foot are listed below

Toe Web Infection

When an individual contracts a toe web infection, then the skin will often turn moist or pale white. The feet may itch, burn, and develop an odor. As the condition worsens, the skin between the toes will crack, peel and become scaly.

If the condition gets even worse, a bacterial infection may also develop which may cause the skin to break down further. The skin may also blister or form a vesicular infection. The condition may spread to the lower leg. Most toe web infections will respond well to treatment.

Moccasin Web Infection

This type of infection begins with dryness, itching, burning, scaly skin, or minor irritation. Over time, the condition causes the skin to thicken and the heels to crack.

In some instances, toe nails may fall off after they become infected. Before the nail falls off, the nail will thicken and crumble. If the infection is persistent, it may often return if not treated. Good personal hygiene will prevent the disease from returning. Most of these infections are chronic and may be difficult to treat.

Vesicular Web Infection

These infections begin with an outbreak of blisters. The feet may suffer from inflammation and become red in appearance. Blisters may erupt again after the initial infection. Bacterial infections may develop if the condition is left untreated. This type of condition frequently develops when a toe web infection is left untreated. Blisters may also appear on the palms and fingers. These types of infections do respond well to treatment.

If the condition spreads to other parts of the body, the disease is no longer referred to as tinea pedis. The fungus will be called astinea corporis, which afflicts the body. Alternatively, if the fungus spreads to the groin area, it is referred to as, tinea cruris or “jock itch” or “dhobi itch.” Onychomycosis is the name of the fungus if it spreads to the toe nails.

Causes

Some individuals suffer dry, cracked heels due to poor hygiene. The person may not exfoliate daily or moisturize well enough.

Additionally, it could occur because the person is not drinking enough water. Each of these factors may contribute to dry, cracked heels.

Individuals are recommended to moisturize the feet with a heavy cream and scrub daily. Petroleum jelly or other moisture rich products designed specifically for the heels may help.

Cracked heels may also indicate a deficiency in zinc and omega-3 fatty acids.

Athlete’s Foot may be contracted from moist, damp areas, such as a bath house or shower. It may also be contracted by sharing towels or shoes with someone who has Athlete’s Foot. Tinea pedis develops in a variety of ways. The fungus may also be treated in a variety of ways. To determine the cause and treatment, identify the type of Athlete’s Foot the individual is experiencing.

Some of the most common types of Athlete’s Foot are listed below

• Toe Web Infection
• Moccasin Web Infection
• Vesicular Web Infection

Other causes include

• Psoriasis
• Eczema
• Thyroid Disease
• Diabetes
• Age
• Shoes that do not fit properly
• Climate-related dry skin
• Vitamin deficiency, such as minerals or zinc
• Standing for excessive periods of time
• Heels that drag or hang over the side of sandals

Risk Factors

In general, cracked heels do not pose any risk factors as long as an fungal infection has not developed. Untreated cracked or dry heels may lead to a variety of problems.

Some of these problems may include the following

• Development of a chronic fungal disease that is difficult to treat
• Deep wounds may develop and bleed
• Fungus may spread to undesirable places on the body, such as groin area and the lower extremities
• Infection may set into the open wounds
• May be an indicator for a low immune system
• Infections such as diabetes may increase the risk for cracked heels
• Walking barefoot, sharing towels, and showering in public places with no protection on the feet may increase the risk for contracting the fungus

Seniors and people who stand on their feet frequently are most at risk for cracked heels. The condition may affect both the heels or one heel depending upon the origin of the stressor. Those who frequently shower in public places or walk barefoot are at risk for Athlete’s Foot.

Prevention Tips

Athlete’s Foot is spread from person to person. Thus, the disease is considered communicable. Since the disease is caused by the parasitic fungus, Trichophyton, individuals should take extra precautions to avoid the disease. Because the disease is a fungus it can spread easily from the feet to other areas of the body. Good hygiene is always the first step of prevention.

To avoid contracting Athlete’s Foot or developing dry, cracked heels, individuals must take the following precautions

• Avoid walking barefoot in public areas
• Avoid taking showers in public areas without proper foot protection, such as shower shoes or flip flops
• Do not share towels with other individuals
• Do not share shoes with other individuals
• Moisturize the feet with a heavy cream daily
• Remove dead skin with an abrasive, such as a pumice stone, foot scrub, or loofah
• If you contract a fungal disease, use the medication or antibiotic for the prescribed period of time
• If the fungus is not cured after the medication, seek the help of a physician
• Wear shower shoes

To prevent fungal spread in the home, individuals should take the following precautions

• Spray the tub and bathrooms with disinfectants each use to avoid the spread of the fungus.
• Launder towels, sheets, socks, underwear and bed clothes in hot water to kill the fungus.
• Change towels and bedsheets at least once per week
• Do not share towels with other household members
• Use a separate towel when drying areas that are infected
• Wash feet between toes with soap and water
• Dry feet thoroughly after showering
• Treat feet and shoes with over the counter drugs

Other prevention tips

• Limit the amount of sweat on the feet
• Wear well ventilated shoes
• Keep feet dry
• Wear lightweight cotton socks to reduce sweat, moisture wicking polyester socks with anti-microbial properties are the best
• Wash socks in hot water
• Wear a different pair of shoes everyday to keep feet dry
• Replace sole inserts in sneakers frequently
• Replace old sneakers and exercise shoes
• Wash with a soap that contains an antimicrobial and antifungal agent
• Regularly soak feet in vinegar and water
• Change socks frequently
• Use foot powders and antiperspirants

In general, people who have a genetic predisposition to dry, cracked feet should exfoliate regularly to remove dead skin and calluses. Use creams with alpha or beta hydroxy acids. Alternatively, urea also helps to remove dead skin. Creams with dimethicone penetrate the epidermis. This provides a protective layer to the skin which seals in the moisture.

Smelly feet often accompany dry, cracked feet. Smelly feet are not attractive. There are over 250,000 sweat glands in each foot that contribute to sweat and smelly feet. According to physician, Issac Tabari, smell is caused by “bacterial decomposition of excessive perspiration.” Companies have developed sprays and foot pads to combat sweating and odor.

Some of the popular drugs that assist with this common problem are as follows

• Dimethicone : Decreases moisture, sweat and therefore, fights Athlete’s Foot
• Triclosan: Eliminates odor causing bacteria through an antibacterial agent
• Chlorhexidine digluconate: Eliminates odor causing germs through an antibacterial agent
• Grillocin: Neutralizes foot odor
• Menthol: Masks odor through a cooling agent

Test and Diagnosis considerations

Athlete’s Foot can be diagnosed by a physician, dermatologist, pharmacist, or general practitioner. During diagnosis, the physician will physically inspect the skin to determine the cause of the cracked, dry skin. If the physician suspects the condition may be eczema or psoriasis, the physician may inspect the skin under a microscope with a potassium hydroxide mixture.

This test is often referred to as the KOH test. The physician will scrape the affected areas of the skin and inspect them under the microscope. The test usually yields an excellent positive predictive value. A biopsy may also be taken in order to evaluate for histological examination.

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

• Apply cracked creams on your heels and drink a plethora of water.
• Eat foods rich in Vitamin E: Cereals, green vegetables, nuts, wheat germ, and nuts
• Eat food with Calcium and Iron: Yogurt, ice cream, meat, chicken and fish
• Eat foods rich in Zinc: Oysters, chicken, kidney beans, yogurt, crab
• Eat food rich in Omega-3 fatty acids: Fish, flaxseed oils

Tea tree oil may provide relief from itching. This is primarily due to its relation in the histamine response.

However, the treatment of Athlete’s Foot with tea tree oil has not been proven to entirely relieve symptoms. Further studies are being conducted to determine the evidence conclusively.

Onion extract has been proven to be effective in conditions against the Trichophyton fungus. A 3 percent solution is the recommended concentration of the onion extract. Ajoene is a compound found in garlic. The popular compound is often used to treat Athlete’s Foot. Boric acid is often applied in socks to prevent Athlete’s Foot. The treatment is effective for recurring infections.

Additional Treatment Options

Putting baking soda on the feet or sprinkling baking soda in the shoes changes the pH and alleviates symptoms associated with dry, cracked heels. Baking soda also eliminates odor. Epson salts will also soothe the feet if several tablespoons are applied to warm water. The salt will also loosen the dead skin and aid in the removal of dead skin.

Ionic foot spa is purported to remove toxins from the body. This is accomplished through electrolysis that removes toxins from the body by opening pores. The toxins are released into the water. Apply a banana to the dry or cracked area of the heel. Leave the substance on for 10 minutes and rinse. Soak feet in lemon juice weekly for 10 minutes until the feet are smooth.

Each day soak the feet in warm and soapy water. Then apply Vaseline and the juice of a lemon. Allow the mixture to absorb overnight while wearing socks. Apply glycerin and rose water daily.

Pharmaceutical

Severe fungal infections may require that individuals take oral anti-fungal medication in order to alleviate or cure the symptoms. The most common ingredients in prescription anti-fungal drugs include ketaconazole, itraconazole, naftifine, and nystatin.

Topical ointments may come in the form of a spray, powder, cream or gel. Most of the over-the-counter drugs contain miconazole nitrate in a 2 percent concentration and tolnaftate in a 1 percent concentration. Terbinafine is also a common over-the-counter drug. Zinc oxide based diaper rash ointment may also alleviate the symptoms. Talcum powder may also absorb moisture to fight infection.

Those who desire a topical treatment should not simply select an anti-itch ointment. These ointments may promote moisture and exacerbate the condition. Experts recommend the use of gels instead of creams for application of topical treatments. Lamisil and naftin both are available in a gel that penetrates the skin more rapidly than creams.

Resources

EverydayHealth.Com

Diabetes.WebMd.Com

MedicineNet.Com

What Are Blackheads?

A blackhead is known in the medical world as an open comedo. They are of the larger class of acne problems called acne vulgaris & can occur in any location on the body and appears as a yellow or black bump on the skin.

Blackheads are follicles or sebaceous glands filled with sebum, keratin and excess oil. The oils accumulate at a small opening and form a raised portion on the skin. When the material inside reaches air, the material oxidizes and turns black. In some cases, melanin may be the cause of the dark color of blackheads.

Whiteheads vs Blackheads

Whiteheads are also a part of the acne vulgaris class, but whiteheads do not have a small opening at the surface of the skin. Since no air reaches the sebum, the material inside the bump does not turn black but remains white. This is the primary difference between the two.

The skin lesions most often occur on the nose or cheeks, but they may also be found on the back or chest. People can easily identify blackheads because the color is distinguishable from other types of acne.

What Causes Blackheads?

Many people think they are caused by poor hygiene, though this is not necessarily the case. Poor hygiene may be a contributing factor, but it is not a direct correlation. They are actually caused by an accumulation of excess oils in the sebaceous glands. The sebum and keratin builds up, clogs hair follicles and forms a bump. As the bump is exposed to air, the keratin and sebum oxidizes and turns black.

When the blackhead is extracted, the contents are usually a yellow-brown color instead of black. The melanin content is often responsible for the color. Oxidized sebum may reflect light differently to produce a “black” hue.

Poor hygiene allows dead cells, dirt or dust to accumulate and clog the pores. This blocks the escape of the oils from the skin and can cause more blackheads to form. So, poor hygiene is important, but it is not the direct cause of formation.

What is Sebum?

Sebum is comprised of a fatty material produced by the skin’s sebaceous glands. The fatty material is made of wax, lipids and debris from fat cells. Sebum is released when cells burst. When sebaceous glands are stimulated by hormones, they release more sebum into the hair follicle. Sebum is a sticky substance, so when it combines with bacteria and dead skin cells that can easily form blackheads and other acne pimples. Seborrhoea is a condition caused by excess sebum.

Sebum is odorless. Odor is produced from bacterial breakdown. Sebum will only emit odor when a bacterial infection is present. Sebum is also present in other areas of the body. Earwax contains sebum. Sebum is also responsible for oily hair when it is not washed for several days.

Sebum consists primarily of wax esters, tryglicerides and squalene. Wax esters and squalene are only produced by sebaceous glands. Forty-five percent of sebum is comprised of water-insoluble fatty acids. These fatty acids have antimicrobial properties.

Good Properties of Sebum. Though sebum can cause blackheads, it also has some good properties. Sebum provides Vitamin E to the upper dermis of the skin and has anti-inflammatory properties. The integrity of the skin’s barrier is maintained by sebum. Sebum also delivers antioxidants, pheromones and hydrates stratum corneum.

Four Things to Know about Sebaceous Glands

1. Sebaceous Glands are Holocrine Glands. Sebaceous glands are also known as holocrine glands. These glands are found all over the body. Since sebaceous glands are present all over the body, blackheads can form on any area where the glands are present. The secretion of sebum is necessary to keep the skin moisturized and healthy, but overproduction can lead to formation of blackheads. Sebum protects the body from bacteria and other foreign substances from entering the body.
2. Overactive Sebaceous Glands Cause Blackheads. Excess sebum is present on skin because of stress, a diet high in fat or due to excessive scrubbing. Blackheads form from excess sebum and dead skin cells & accelerated glandular activity may also lead to formation.
3. Underactive Sebaceous Glands Causes Dryness. Underactive sebaceous glands causes dry and flaky skin. With underactive glands, the skin becomes sensitive to weather, sun and other factors. Excess exposure to water can also reduce the production of sebum. Reduced production leads to dry skin.
4. Sebaceous Glands Play Other Protective Roles in the Body. Though unrelated to external skin, vernix caseosa also plays a role in the protection and development of the embryonic skin in a woman’s uterus during pregnancy. Vernix caseosa is produced by sebaceous glands. Sebeceous glands also work with apocrine glands to play a thermoregulatory role. In hot environments, sebaceous glands produce secretions that emulsify. This process prevents the loss of sweat drops. Sebum also repels rain from skin and hair.

Other Contributing Factors and Myths About Formation

Truth: Changes in Hormone Levels Cause Blackheads. Changes in hormone levels are responsible for high levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Hormones triggers over-activity in oil glands and produces clogged pores. Oil production varies based upon a person’s age. During puberty, oil production is at its highest. As people age, oil production diminishes. For this reason, most people have less acne formation as they get older.

Conversely, youthful skin also diminishes with age. Oil production helps people look younger and maintain a beautiful appearance. When people reach their twenties, oil production reduces and moisturizers are required to balance the loss of moisture. More moisture replenishment is required by the thirties.

From the forties and beyond, oil production diminishes significantly and signs of aging becomes apparent. Wrinkles start to form, and acne becomes less common. People are required to significantly increase their moisturizing regimen to counteract the dryness.

The key to control is balancing moisture levels. Too much moisture leads to blackhead formation. Too little moisture leads to wrinkles and visible signs of aging. Balance will prevent signs of aging while reducing acne problems.

Some Myth/Some Truth: Improperly Cleaned Skin Causes Blackheads. While poor hygiene is not a direct cause of formation, improperly cleaned skin can cause dead skin build-up. Dead skin build-up makes it more likely that pores will become clogged. Clogged pores accelerate the build-up of oil and sebum inside the pores. Patients must establish a balance. Over-cleaning could lead to skin irritation.

Truth: Excessive Use of Moisturizers Causes Blackheads. Excessive use of moisturizers, sunscreens, foundation or make-up can clog pores & accelerate the production of blackheads.

Mostly Myth/Some Truth: Acne and Blackhead Formation is Hereditary. Acne is not hereditary except for some severe cases.

Some Myth/Some Truth: Food Causes Blackhead Formation. The food ingested into the body does affect how the body functions. Nutrients can affect healthy production of hormones and other aspects of skin production. A high fat diet, for instances, may increase the amount of fat in the skin.

Fluctuations in dietary fat can affect sebum production. Healthy blood production is promoted when excess fat is removed from the diet. Low-glycemic foods prevent insulin surges. Insulin surges may lead to inflammation and clogged pores.

Foods most commonly blamed for blackhead formation include: Chocolates, greasy food and dairy products. These foods do have higher fat content than other foods and may promote sebum production. Chocolate, for instance, does not have specific properties leading to acne formation. Despite the evidence, most parents will warn kids not to eat chocolate to promote healthy skin.

Chocolate in excess may lead to obesity which may cause increased sebum production and unhealthy skin. Physicians are studying more about the link between dairy and acne formation but no conclusive evidence has been found.

Truth: Lack of Sleep Causes Blackhead Formation. Lack of high quality sleep causes stress. When stress hormones increase in the body, blood sugar levels increase. When cortisol, a stress hormone, increases blood sugar levels, inflammation increases and sebaceous glands become stimulated. Excess oils are produced from overactive sebaceous glands. This contributes to acne breakouts. Physicians recommend sleeping for eight hours of sleep for night to avoid acne breakouts.

Truth: Manage Stress Levels to Reduce Blackhead Formation. Unmanaged stress can increase levels of the stress hormone known as cortisol. Cytokines are inflammatory compounds. These hormones are also increased when stress levels are high. Chronically high stress levels can depress the adrenal glands. This may lead to hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism stimulates the sebaceous glands by initiating a chain reaction of hormone secretions. Stress levels should be managed to ameliorate this cycle.

Truth: Teenagers are More Prone to Blackhead Formation. Teenagers in puberty are more likely to have acne because their hormone levels are changing & this is the stage in their lives when oil production is at its highest. Teenagers must learn to balance moisture levels and manage oil production to prevent acne & prevent pores from becoming clogged.

Truth: Hair Touching the Face Promotes Blackhead Formation. Oily or dirty hair touching the face can spread infection & acne issues. Experts recommend keeping facial hair to a minimum.

Truth: Cosmetics Promote Blackhead Formation. Cosmetics such as foundation and powders can clog hair follicles and promote excessive oil build-up. Dermatologists recommend non-comedogenic cosmetics and cleansers to prevent clogged pores. Water-based or oil-free cosmetics are recommended.

Truth: Health Conditions Promote Blackhead Formation. Diabetes, neurological conditions and polycystic ovary syndrome all contribute to oily skin. There is also a correlation indicating an increase in sebum production with HIV, Parkinson’s disease, strokes and head injuries. Blackheads, bacterial infections and fungal infections may form if these health conditions persist without treatment.

How Common Are Blackheads?

According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, acne is one of the most common skin conditions in the United States. Acne is often self-treated. Since physicians do not treat every case of acne, it is hard to determine exactly how many people are affected by acne each year. Nearly every teenager has an acne episode in their lives. Thus, the numbers are fairly large. Studies indicate an estimate of between 17 million and 45 million Americans are acne sufferers.

Most people will develop at least one blackhead at some point in their lives, especially during puberty when hormones are changing & oil production increases. Oil production aids in a youthful glow, but blackheads are an unwanted side effect of this occurrence in life.

While poor hygiene does not promote excessive oil production, dead skin, dirt, makeup, bacteria and other external elements can clog pores. Clogged pores with excessive oil production will lead to blackheads. Teenagers should develop proper hygiene to prevent clogs.

Pore issues are most common in people with oily or combination skin & will most likely occur in the T-Zone. The T-Zone consists of the forehead, nose and chin areas. The back is also another common problem issue, but most teens cannot reach this area to clean or to treat with astringent.

People who work around a lot of pollution are also more prone to issues. This may include people:

• working outdoors, in construction, or for the Department of Transportation
• working in custodian positions as janitors or maids who frequently use household cleansing chemicals
• who work as fry cooks or near a deep fryer
• located in high humidity environments

People who scrub their faces excessively will be more prone to blackheads, as excessive scrubbing stimulates sebum production. Exfoliation should be performed at most once weekly to prevent pores from becoming clogged. Alternatively, gentle exfoliation can take place daily.

Eliminating Blackheads

Some common reasons for eliminating them include:

Remove Bacteria. Prevent Infection. Blackheads contain bacteria which could lead to further infection. They should not be allowed to persist untreated for a significant period of time. Obviously, extractions can be performed by a licensed aesthetician, but many experts do not recommend that people perform extractions at home. The practice can lead to scarring and other problems if not performed properly.

Improve Appearance and Self Esteem. Because of the black to yellow-brown coloring of blackheads, blackheads are visible to others & can be distracting. People with the condition may wonder if the person is focusing on what they are saying or their blemishes, causing them to have a lower self-esteem & less confidence in their interactions.

Studies have shown that people with whiter teeth and clear facial skin are more likely to get jobs than others. Severe cases of acne may require visiting a dermatologist to help improve the skin’s condition.

What Are the Most Common Methods for Eliminating Blackheads?

Should You Squeeze Them?

The recommendations are mixed. Extractions can potentially cause skin damage and contamination. Many people perform self-extractions to accelerate the process and reduce the unsightly appearance. There are risks, however, which include:

• Contamination. Bacteria in the pores could penetrate deeper into the skin and contaminate other areas. Inflammation and redness will increase as a result. The surrounding area will become even more unsightly. When the blackhead erupts, the bacteria could spread to other pores and promote formation of additional acne.
• Scar Damage. Self-extraction may cause permanent damage to pores and also produce scar damage. Certain procedures must be followed to prevent scar damage.

How to Extract a Blackhead Properly

Apply a heated compress for 10 to 20 minutes. This process opens the pores and loosens the sebum in the pore. Experts suggest using a blackhead extractor, which is placed directly above & pressure is applied. If the sebum does not immediately extract, do not force it because it is not ready. Prolonged pressure may lead to an infection or scarring.

If the process is successful, the area of skin will heal, and the person’s appearance will improve. Experts do not recommend squeezing pores on the nose, as the location is more prone to infection. Aggravation will only cause more unsightly scars and redness.

What is a Blackhead Extractor? It is a special tool designed to remove acne lesions. The tool used for blackhead and whitehead extractions is the same. These tools are also called comedone extractors, and are available for at-home or professional use. A basic extractor looks like an unsharpened pencil. A metal loop is attached at both ends. Extractors may have a small blade or lancet at the end to open comedones that are completely closed. Lancing should be completed by a professional. Scarring may occur with amateur lancing.

To prepare for extractions, cleansing and exfoliation is recommended. Many experts recommend starting by massaging the skin with a warm washcloth and mild cleanser to remove dead skin cells. When dead cells are removed, comedone extractions are easier. Dry the area completely to prevent the tissue from tearing during the procedure.

After gentle pressure is used to extract the blackhead from the skin, experts recommend finishing the procedure with a layer of benzoyl peroxide cream, which is available over-the-counter. Experts recommend using between 2.5% & 5% formulations. Acne-causing bacteria and inflammation are reduced with benzoyl peroxide.

Before using an extractor, identify the type of lesion present on the body. Deep-set lesions such as cysts, nodules or lumps beneath the skin are not good candidates for removal. If these types of lesions are extracted using this tool, scarring or discomfort may occur. Dermatologists are trained to address these types of issues and can recommend an appropriate treatment.

Other types of extractors:

• Double Spoon Extractor. This method pushes the blackhead out of the affected area. Simply position the tool over the affected area and then, scoop out the contents. After each extraction, extractors should be cleaned to avoid cross contamination.
• Pore Strips as Extractors. Pore strips are a way to remove blackheads but are considered an extractor rather than an oral or topical treatment. After the skin is moistened, the strip is placed over the affected area. An adhesive holds the strip in place. The strips are primarily for use on the nose, but the strips can be placed on any area of the body. The strip requires five to 10 minutes to dry on the skin. After it is dry, the strip may be pulled away, and the blackheads should be extracted. After each use, the strips should be discarded.
• Tweezers as Extractors. Tweezers are not ideal extractors and are not recommended for amateurs. Bleeding and scarring can occur if too much pressure is applied. Sterilize the tweezers and sanitized between uses. The arms of the tweezers should be placed directly over the blackhead & squeezed to encourage it to reach the surface. A sterile tissue is used to remove the extracted material from the surface of the body.
• Blackhead Removal Gun. This plastic gun will act as a vacuum to remove via suction from the skin. The suction tool is powerful and will remove the blackhead without damaging the surrounding tissue. This method might also be used in conjunction with metal extractors and pore strips.

Alternatives to Squeezing Pimples

Drink Plenty of Water. Water is recommended by experts to clear the kidney and liver of toxins. With considerable water consumption, healthy hormone production and skin elasticity maintenance will be promoted. When the body operates normally, excessive sebum production is not a major issue aside from puberty. Water cleanses the body and filters the blood of impurities. The kidneys and perspiration are essential in the toxin elimination process.

Toxins form after food is metabolized & also enter the body through breathing. When toxins linger in the body, they can clog pores, promoting acne in the process. Water should be consumed daily to flush out toxins. Experts recommend drinking eight to 10 normal glasses of water per day. This amount equals approximately 64 to 80 fluid ounces daily. Eight ounces are in a single glass of water.

Many people carry a water bottle throughout the day or use lightly flavored water to aid in this process.

Eat Less Fat and Sugar. A high fat diet increases the skin’s fat content. Extreme changes in dietary fat can increase sebum production. Experts recommend avoiding excess fat to increase the healthy circulation of blood to the skin. This will help to keep the pores clear. Low-glycemic foods prevent insulin surges. Insulin surges lead to inflammation and clogged follicles.

Get More Sleep. There is some truth in the statement, “Make sure you get your beauty sleep.” Getting high quality sleep helps people maintain their cortisol levels. Cortisol is a stress hormone known to elevate blood sugar levels. Increased levels could lead to inflammation and increased sebaceous glands. Eight hours of sleep per night are recommended to prevent skin issues.

Manage Stress. Unmanaged stress also increases the production of cortisol and cytokines. Cytokines are inflammatory compounds. Over time, chronic stress will negatively affect the adrenal glands. This could lead to hypothyroidism. This condition stimulates the sebaceous glands. Stress should be managed at all times to keep the complexion clear.

Exercise can help to manage stress levels and keep hormone levels regulated. Thirty minutes of exercise for three to five days of the week will lower stress levels. Yoga and breathing exercises also lowers stress levels.

Take Supplements. Experts recommend supplements and vitamins to help regulate the production of sebum and to keep skin clear. Vitamins help to regulate sebum production and keep the skin clear. Alpha linoleic acid (ALA) is a supplement many people take to reduce harmful inflammation. ALA will also prevent the excess production of sebum. Inflammation is regulated by Vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 will also promote skin cell formation.

Try Laser Treatment. Laser treatment is designed to monitor oily skin. Laser treatment modifies the sebaceous gland to make them less active. When the glands only produce enough sebum to keep skin moist, blackheads are less likely to be produced. To be effective, between two and six treatments may be required. Usually, the treatments will be spaced three to four weeks apart. Laser treatments are a highly effective way to control overactive sebaceous glands.

Avoid Dust. Oils cannot escape the pore if the pores are blocked by dust particles or other debris. When people perspire, dust is eliminated from the skin through open pores. Exercising is recommended to open pores and remove dust through perspiration.

Treat Blackheads with Baking Soda and Water. Apply baking soda paste, let the paste dry and wash the affected with lukewarm water. Then wash the skin with ice water to close the pores. This process will produce desired results overtime.

Treat Blackheads with Banana Peel. Bananas are loaded with anti-oxidants to help maintain skin. The anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties will fight acne. Bananas contain large amounts of iron. This helps to improve the blood’s circulation and also improves hemoglobin production and function.

Tryptophan helps to regulate hormones in the body. This hormone regulates serotonin. Serotonin is not responsible for sebum production, but it can relieve stress which may lower corticosal levels. When people are happy and stress levels are reduced, acne issues are less prevalent.

Potassium is good for regulating and preventing high blood pressure. When blood pressure is low, stress levels remain regulated. Regulation may include the natural water balance of the body and the regular heartbeat.

Fructooligosaccharide stimulates the growth of good bacteria in the colon. Friendly bacteria produce enzymes to fight infections caused by bacteria commonly associated with acne.

To make a banana peel mask follow these instructions:

Blend a banana until creamy. Add one tablespoon of lemon juice and two teaspoons of honey to the blender. Blend for 30 seconds. Transfer the mixture to a bowl to prepare for application. Before application, rinse the neck and face with hot water. Apply the mask evenly and leave on the face for 20 minutes until it is completely dry.

Rinse with warm water and then, wipe the face with a warm washcloth. Splash the face with cool water. Then, pat the skin the skin dry. Apply the banana mask two to three times per week for the best results. The mask mixture should be made fresh with each application.

Drink Natural Fruit Smoothies. Fruit can be applied to the face or ingested for to eliminate blackheads. Bananas & any fruits with vitamin C & high in antioxidants are recommended. Orange juice, pineapple juice, strawberries and other fruits are popular smoothie ingredients.

Other ingredients recommended for fruit smoothies:

• Flaxseed Oil. Flaxseed oil is recommended because it is rich in Omega fatty acids. Omega fatty acids nourish the body’s organs. The flavor is mild. Many people simply mix a spoonful into the smoothie. Flaxseed oil can be found in any health foods store.
• Blueberries. Blueberries have a considerable number of antioxidants present. Antioxidants protect the skin from free radicals. Free radicals are harmful and are contributing factors in conditions such as cancer. Blueberries are delicious and fight blemishes.
• Spinach. Though this is not a common smoothie ingredient, spinach combined with other vegetables can help promote the constant production of new cells. Spinach also contains Vitamin A.
• Include All Ingredients to Create a Stronger Smoothie. Mix two bananas, two tablespoons of flaxseed oil, two cups of orange juice, one cup of blueberries and one cup of spinach. Drink this smoothie once daily.

Commercial Blackhead Remover Strips . Commercial remover strips contain useful ingredients and some potentially harmful ingredients. Many people cannot use commercial strips because of the parabens present in the skin. Glycerin, methylparaben, water and witch hazel extract may also be present in commercial strips.

Witch hazel reduces the appearance of large pores. Tea tree oil and menthol are also commonly found in commercial strips and are effective in removing blackheads because of the anti-bacterial properties present. Menthol has a cooling property and stimulates the skin.

Steam Use a hot washcloth and place on the skin for 15 minutes or more to soften the skin. Then use cleanser and a cotton ball for removal.

Lemon Juice Lemon juice is an effective solution due to the vitamin C present in the juice. Experts recommend applying freshly squeezed lemon juice onto the surrounding area. It will tighten the skin’s pores to help eliminate the problem.

Fresh Tomato Juice Home remedies such as the pulp from a fresh tomato – rich in citric acid – can be used as a mask. Simply crush the tomatoes in the blender and apply the mask to the face for twenty minutes. Wash the mask from the face with warm water. After the mask, blackheads can be extracted. Tomatoes have the same effect as lime or lemon juice. All three citric fruits act as toners.

Fenugreek Herb Crush the leaves of the herb and combine with lemon juice or water to for a paste concoction. Apply the paste directly to the portion of the body affected & leave the concoction in place for at least 10 minutes. Rinse the paste with lukewarm water. Repeat the application daily for the best results.

Honey A thin layer of honey may be applied on the skin for about 10 minutes and then rinsed with warm water. The honey will act as a natural peel and remove blackheads. Honey also enhances the skin’s condition.

Epsom Salts Epsom salts should be mixed with lukewarm water and iodine. The mixture can be applied to the skin with a cotton ball to loosen the pores. Rinse the mixture from the face afterwards & use a facial scrub with green tea extract to quickly eliminate blackheads.

Hormonal Treatments Hormones such as cortisol are responsible for sebum production. Excess sebum production occurs during teenage years when hormones begin to change the body. During menopause, estrogen levels decrease and testosterone levels increase in the body. The sebaceous glands produce thicker oils and may promote blackhead formation on the shoulders, arms, face, back and chest.

Spearmint tea can normalize hormonal levels. Specifically, spearmint tea can lower androgen levels. Birth control pills can also be used to alter the production of androgen and balance all hormonal levels. Acne manifestations can be managed better once the hormonal balance has been identified.

Acne can be caused by overactive oil-producing glands, bacteria overgrowth, inflammation and pores clogged due to an excess of oil. Oral contraceptives only address overactive oil-producing glands. Androgens stimulate sebaceous glands and the glands produce oil. Oral contraceptives contain progestin and estrogen to counteract the production of androgens. Glands then produce less oil and issues are less likely to appear.

Orthro Tri-Cyclen and Yaz are two birth control pills known for fighting acne. Both birth control pills have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Patients should inquire with their dermatologist or gynecologist to determine the best pill for treating hormonal acne issues.

Oral medication can assist with androgen regulation also. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that can suppress androgen production. Other anti-androgens include: Flutamide and spironolactone. Both of these anti-androgens block the androgen secretion in sebaceous follicles. The anti-androgen also eliminates Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This is an acne pathogen.

Diet can also affect hormonal changes. Spicy products and foods with hydrogenated oils could contain high amounts of sugars. When insulin levels rise, skin inflammation can occur. People should avoid foods that will produce stress hormones to keep levels regulated. Foods rich in minerals, essential fatty acids and fibers should be included in the diet to reduce acne.

Hormonal acne should also be treated topically. A mild cleanser, clarifying gel and exfoliate may be used to eliminate excess oils, bacteria and dead cells. Benzoyl peroxide is common for reducing bacteria. Retinoids are also common for treating hormonal acne.

Tea Tree Oil Experts recommend leveraging tea tree oil’s anti-bacterial properties to eliminate blackheads. Combine one drop of tea tree oil with salt, water and a quarter teaspoon of baking soda. Let the mixture dry on the face for an hour. Rinse the face with warm water and pat the face dry.

Neem Oil Neem oil is also effective in eliminating blackheads on the skin. The oil can be applied directly to blackheads. Only a few drops of this anti-bacterial oil are required to eliminate blackheads. Neem oil is also effective for cleaning teeth, healing gums, disinfecting surfaces, soothing sunburns, healing fungal infections and repelling mosquitoes. Eastern Indians chew on neem twigs to clean their teeth.

Crushed Sesame Seeds Use milk of magnesia, lemon juice, egg white, ground sage and citrus peel to dry up sebaceous glands. A salt and water paste may be also added to this mixture for the best results.

Dermatologist Recommended Medications Adapalene is often offered to blackhead sufferers under the brand name of Differin. This medication is a topical retinoid and is used to treat mild to moderate acne. Three strengths are available: 0.1 percent, 0.1 percent and 0.3 percent. Adapalene is also available under the generic name of Teva. This generic brand is only available in a 0.1 percent gel.

Other dermatologist recommended medications also include:

• Salicylic Acid. Salicylic acid is often recommended for mild blackheads. The keratolytic substance can be purchased over-the-counter & can break down keratin commonly found in sebum. When salicylic acid breaks down keratin, the follicle is cleared. Salicylic acid is cost effective and easy to use. Simply apply with a cotton ball after cleaning the face with a mild cleanser.
• Benzoyl Peroxide. Benzoyl peroxide is recommended and prescribed by a dermatologist. Benzoyl peroxide removes dead skin cells from follicles. This medication also helps to reduce blackhead formation. Benzoyl peroxide eliminates acne-causing bacteria known as Propionibacterium acnes. This bacteria is known for promoting blackhead formation and is also known for promoting formation of serious cases of acne such as cysts, nodules and pustules.
• Retinoids. A dermatologist may also recommend a topical retinoid which consist of tretinoin, tazarotene and adapalene. There are some side effects associated with using retinoids. For instance, it is not recommended for women who are pregnant or nursing.
• Erythromycin. Erythromycin is considered to be a macrolide antibiotic. Bacterial infections are treated with this antibiotic. This antibiotic may also be used for other purposes but not for flu, colds or viral infections. People with diabetes, myasthenia gravis, liver disease or who are pregnant should not use erythromycin.
• Retin-A Gel. Retin-A gel is a synthetic form of vitamin A. Tretinoin aids in cell turnover and reduces the tendency of skin cells to bond together. Blackhead function is reduced and acne issues heal faster.
• Accutane. Accutane is an oral medication recommended for patients who have severe acne problems which have not responded to antibiotics. Accutane is a synthetic form of vitamin A. Accutane reduces the production of sebum. Reduced sebum production reduces the formation of blackheads. Recently, this drug has been under investigation for potentially harmful side effects. Be sure to inquire with a physician prior to taking Accutane.
• Extraction. Dermatologists may extract blackheads from the face using special extractors. Dermatologists may combine extractions and chemical peels to clear the face faster and make the process easier. Hydroxy acids are commonly used for chemical peels. The outer layer of dead skin is removed with the chemical peel. New cells are revealed, and a more youthful appearance emerges.
• Use UV Exposure to Eliminate Blackheads. Some people recommend exposing the skin to UV light to unblock pores. When skin peels, the pores are unblocked. Many people use sunbeds or regular sunbathing to facilitate this process. This type of exposure can be dangerous. If the skin burns, skin cancer may develop. Discuss this treatment with a physician to learn how to use UV exposure properly and effectively.

Myths and Truths about Removing Blackheads

Scrubbing Excessively Removes Them. Exfoliation does prevent dead skin cells from clogging pores, but excessive scrubbing causes more sebum to be produced and irritates the skin. Other methods are more effective.

Important Blackhead Fighting Nutrients

Healthy diets prevent acne. To fight acne, people must not only know what foods to consume, but they must also know which nutrients are essential in the process. Promotion of an overall healthy lifestyle with exercise and a healthy diet will improve the skin’s condition.

Essential nutrients and benefits include:

• Vitamin A. The condition of your skin is affected by Vitamin A production. Liver functions are also affected by Vitamin A production. A deficiency could lead to improper balances in both the liver and skin and result in the production of blackheads. Everyone should consume the recommended daily allowance of Vitamin A to boost the immune system. When hormones are balanced and toxins are removed properly, the skin glows and remains free of blemishes.
• Vitamin B. Cell regeneration is necessary for healthy and youthful skin. When cells do not regenerate properly or the central nervous system is affected, blackhead formation is more common. The formations occur because hormones are imbalanced. Vitamin B supplements are recommended to promote healthy skin free of blemishes.
• Vitamin C. Vitamin C is essential to the development of the skin’s collagen production, healing and maintaining the immune system. Vitamin C is effective when ingested or when applied topically. Fruit smoothies full of citrus fruits will clear the skin or a vitamin C paste will heal a blackhead. Health food stores carry concentrated vitamin C drops for people who would prefer not to use natural sources.
• Vitamin D. Many people tan to receive promote vitamin D production, but Vitamin D can also be taken in supplement form. Vitamin D can help reduce blackhead formation.
• Vitamin E. Vitamin E promotes the formation of red blood cells. Vitamin E also aids in prevention of free radicals and acne. People who consume the daily recommended allowance of Vitamin E have fewer breakouts. Topical Vitamin E is also an effective treatment.

Remove Toxins with Nutrients

Toxins must be removed from the body to promote healthy skin. Vitamins, trace elements, amino acids, and minerals are an essential part of this process. With a regimen that includes these elements, skin will be improved and blackhead production will be reduced. Healthy diets contain the essential elements to remove toxins from the body, reduce hormonal imbalances and promote a strong immune system. Diet is the foundation of healthy skin.