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Overview and Alternative Names

Mononucleosis has several names such as mono, kissing disease, Pfeiffer’s disease, Filatov’s disease, and glandular fever. Regardless of the name, infectious mononucleosis is an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which produces flu-like symptoms and extreme fatigue.

Causes

Infection mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Viruses are microscopic pathogens made up of RNA or DNA that invade an organism’s cells in order to reproduce. Viruses infect all kinds of life including humans. When a virus enters a healthy cell, it begins to take over the cell and introduces its genetic code into the host cell’s DNA. Soon, after genetically manipulating the cell’s DNA, the virus gains complete control over the cell’s functions. When this occurs, the virus can use the cell to make copies of itself so that it can reproduce.

The copies are then released, which allows them to be free to infect other cells. The process repeats itself until the body’s immune system kills the virus or acquires immunity to it. The body’s immune system is its system of defenses that protect it from invading pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. When the body detects a foreign object or organism, it produces an immune response in an effort to rid the body of the pathogen. Specialized white blood cells are released in order to hunt down the bacteria or viruses and to kill them.

Epstein-Barr

The Epstein-Barr virus is a member of the herpes virus family. Epstein-Barr virus is a common virus to which more than 90% of the population has been exposed over the course of a life time. In those who do not show immunity to the virus, it may produce infectious mononucleosis, particularly in adolescents and adults. The Epstein-Barr virus has also been shown or theorized to cause a number of diseases such as some cancers and some autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

The Epstein-Barr virus is primarily transmitted through saliva. For this reason, it has become known as the “kissing disease.” Once the virus has been passed from one person to another, there is a period of between 4-7 weeks from the time of infection till symptoms appear.

This is referred to as the incubation period. After the first symptoms appear, most symptoms resolve themselves after 2-3 weeks. Fatigue, however, may last much longer. Although greater than 90% of the population has been infected with Epstein-Barr virus, only between 35% and 69% of infected people go on to develop infectious mononucleosis.

Once a person is infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, they will have traces of the virus in their bodies for the duration of their lifetime. The immune system never completely removes the virus, which goes into a dormant phases when the symptoms of mononucleosis have subsided. A dormant phase is a period of inactivity where the virus goes into a kind of sleep mode and does not reproduce. Because the virus is a permanent part of the person’s body after infection, it can change from being dormant to being active again without warning. It is therefore possible that individuals infected with mononucleosis can have repeat occurrences of the disease.

Research is not conclusive over how long a person is contagious after the symptoms of the virus have subsided. Some studies show that a person is contagious for only a few weeks during and after symptoms appear, while other data show that a person can transmit the virus for as many as 18 months after symptoms subside.

Symptoms of Infectious Mononucleosis

In most cases of infectious mononucleosis, the disease causes several nondescript, flu-like symptoms that may include fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. Another aspect of infectious mononucleosis is its ability to cause extreme fatigue in even the most robust individual. Occasionally, mononucleosis can cause inflammation of the liver, which can cause jaundice and hepatitis. Also, the spleen may become inflamed. Less common symptoms include low platelet count, low blood count, pericarditis, inflammation of the lungs, and rash on the skin. Severe swelling of lymph nodes in a person’s neck may cause serious problems such as difficulty breathing and swallowing. Immediate medical attention should be sought if breathing problems develop. Trouble swallowing can lead to dehydration if adequate fluid intake is not maintained.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is generally made with blood tests in combination with a full patient history. When a person shows symptoms of fever, sore throat, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes, a doctor may suspect mononucleosis. However, this in of itself is not enough to make a diagnosis. In conjunction with general symptoms, a physician will do blood work on the patient. If the tests come back and show that at least 50% of white blood cells with at least 10% being abnormal are present, and the patient presents with typical symptoms of mononucleosis, a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis can be made.

Tests for antibodies can be performed, but they frequently lack sensitivity. In other words, they produce a high number of false positive and false negative results, rendering their use ineffective without taking into account physical symptoms experienced by a patient. More recent test have been developed which can detect the Epstein-Barr virus. A shortcoming of these newer tests, though, is that antibodies may not show up for several weeks after infection and symptoms have occurred, making definitive diagnosis slow, and extending treatment time. High levels of a liver enzyme called transaminase can also indicate mononucleosis in 50% of patients.

Since the symptoms of mononucleosis can be vague and resemble the symptoms of many other diseases, diagnosis is often difficult. Many people who go to a doctor complaining of a sore throat are misdiagnosed with strep throat and given antibiotics. Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses and have no effect on the symptoms of mononucleosis.

Cytomegalovirus is another member of the herpes family of viruses and is closely related to the Epstein-Barr virus. It may also produce similar symptoms to mononucleosis, but the symptoms may be milder. Like Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus remains in the body for the duration of a person’s life.

Risk Factors

Mononucleosis can strike anybody at any age. The symptoms and the duration of the disease usually get worse as a person ages, meaning that infected children often may not even know they are infected, while adolescents and adults may develop serious complications and have fatigue that lasts for months. There are several factors that may increase the risk of a person contracting mononucleosis. These include:

Being Between Ages 10 and 24

These individuals are more likely to be unaware of the causes of mononucleosis and how to prevent infection. Persons in this age may also engage in riskier behavior, which increases the chances that they can become infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.

In Large Groups

Individuals like nurses, doctors, military personnel, and students, who come into contact with a large number of people daily, have an increased risk of being infected with mononucleosis. This is because Epstein-Barr virus is so common in the general population that increasing the number of people a person comes into contact with increases the chance that they will come into contact with someone who carries the virus and may be contagious.

Intimate Relationships

Intimate relations with someone who has Epstein-Barr virus or mononucleosis increases the chances that they will become infected as well. Kissing can expose a person to infected saliva, which can spread the virus. Also, even though a person may not have symptoms of mononucleosis at the present moment, does not mean that they are not contagious. Contagiousness may extend for up to a year and a half after symptoms disappear.

Oral Contact

Kissing is not the only way to spread mononucleosis. Any exchange or exposure to saliva can transmit the Epstein-Barr virus. Sharing food or a drink with an infected person can lead to infection. Also sharing toothbrushes or coming into contact with anything that a person may have put into their mouth may lead to an increased risk of being infected with the Epstein-Barr virus.

Immune Compromised Individuals

People with compromised immune systems are at greater risk of developing mononucleosis than individuals with normal immune systems. With a lowered immune response, these individuals may not be able to fight off the Epstein-Barr virus before it develops into mononucleosis. People who are on immunosuppressants, like those who have undergone organ transplantation are especially susceptible.

Also, individuals who have HIV/AIDS also have compromised immune systems which may increase their risk of contracting the Epstein-Barr virus. Finally, the extremely young and the extremely old often have compromised immune systems which can make them more likely to become infected with the Epstein-Bar virus. In the case of the elderly, because of their age and exposure over a lifetime, it’s much less of a problem since most have already been infected year earlier.

Conventional Treatment

Viruses do not respond to antibiotic treatment. In fact, there is still no effective way known that can target the Epstein-Barr virus specifically and kill it. Treatment of mononucleosis, then therefore, relies on treating the symptoms of the disease in order to make the patient comfortable till the disease runs its course over the period of a couple of months.

To treat fever, a doctor may recommend acetaminophen or a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Patients should follow manufacturer dosing instructions and be aware of the long term consequences of taking these drugs. For patients who have inflammation of the liver, alcohol consumption should be prohibited.

The liver is responsible for metabolizing and filtering alcohol from the blood, so when it is not functioning correctly, it may not be able to handle the extra stress of alcohol in the system. Corticosteroids may be taken to reduce inflammation of the liver, spleen and throat. These may have some side effects like weight gain, fluid retention, and nervousness. Physicians may recommend a person eat cold items like ice cream or milk to sooth a sore throat. Also, it may help to gurgle salt water.

When symptoms manifest, it is important to get plenty of rest. As symptoms wane, regular activities can be continued. It is also important not to do any strenuous activity in order to avoid rupturing the spleen. Also, to prevent the infection of anyone else that may come into contact with a person suffering from mononucleosis, it is imperative to avoid sharing drinks, food, and toothbrushes. It is also important to cover the mouth when coughing to prevent aerosol droplets of saliva from entering the air.

As of now, there is no vaccine for Epstein-Barr virus, although much research is being done to develop and effective vaccine that can either destroy the virus or prevent the symptoms of mononucleosis from manifesting.

Alternative and Natural Treatments

Many alternative therapies for the treatment of mononucleosis exist. Some of these treatments focus on boosting the effectiveness of the body’s immune system.

One way to maintain a healthy immune system is to eat a diet that is full of nutrients but low in fat. Consumption of vegetables that contain antioxidants can help the functioning of the immune system. Also, supplementing with vitamins such as vitamin A and vitamin C has been shown to boost the immune system. These can be bought online and in local health food stores at very affordable prices.

Often they are sold in pills by the hundreds which should last several months. Pricing depends on the quantity and quality of the vitamin supplements. For vitamin A, the maximum recommended dose per day is less than 3000 micrograms in order to avoid toxicity. Vitamin C can be taken in higher doses because it is water soluble and easily eliminated from the body. As always, it is important to follow manufacturer provided dosages when beginning vitamin supplementation.

Coconut Oil & Herbal Tea

Coconut oil supplements may also be able to help treat mononucleosis. Coconut oil contains lauric acid, which is converted in the body to monolauric acid. This molecule is purported to be an effective antiviral agent, which may help to kill the Epstein-Barr virus. Coconut oil pills are available in soft gel capsules in health food and nutritional stores. Coconut oil is also sold in liquid form that can be taken in doses of 2 tablespoons per day to treat mononucleosis.

Herbal teas may also help combat mononucleosis. Teas made by brewing burdock, ginseng, cayenne pepper, and goldenseal root in water can be helpful in treating mononucleosis. A tea is made by boiling one teaspoon of each ingredient in 2 cups of water. The mixture should be reduced over high heat until evaporation leaves one cup of liquid. The tea can be taken once a day.

Finally, it is important to drink enough fluids to guard against dehydration and to sooth sore throats.

As always it is important to consult with a doctor before beginning any alternative treatments in order to prevent drug interactions or complications from taking supplements.

Conclusion

Mononucleosis is a very common disease that can have long lasting effects and ramifications for the patient and everyone that he or she comes into contact. Mononucleosis can be passed for a long time after the virus has caused symptoms, so caution must be taken to prevent its spread. Although the symptoms are mot typically life threatening, they can affect a person’s quality of life for several months. Mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. Like all viruses, there is no effective cure that can target and kill the virus. Instead, treatment consists of providing support and comfort till the symptoms subside.

The immune system’s primary function is to fight off bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, toxins, and blood or tissue belonging to other humans or species. These intruders are called antigens and white blood cells go into attack mode to protect the body from anything they consider to be intruders by producing antibodies.

However, sometimes white blood cells mistakenly view the body’s healthy organs, cells, or tissue as an invader and will attack its own body tissue just as they would any antigen. The immune system is unable to distinguish between antigens and the body’s own healthy tissue. This results in the destruction of healthy body tissue caused by an autoimmune disease.

For example, when one has an allergic reaction to anything breathed, touched, or eaten, the immune system goes into action immediately to oust the foreign matter from the body. In an autoimmune disease the immune system has the same reaction against its own body tissue.

Symptoms

Approximately 50 million people in the United States suffer from the symptoms of autoimmune diseases. Some symptoms include joint pain, depression, fatigue, heart palpitations, and numbness of the hands and feet.

There are at least 80 known autoimmune diseases. A few of the autoimmune diseases that occur more frequently are listed below.

• Active Chronic Hepatitis
• Addison’s Disease
• Type I Diabetes
• Crohns Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Systemic Lupus Erythematosis
• Celiac Disease
• Cushings Syndrome
• Discoid Lupus
• Fibromyalgia Fibromyositis
• Anti-phospholipid Syndrome
• Dermatomyositis

Studies have shown that one can have more than one autoimmune disease working together.

Autoimmune diseases are grouped by the body systems they affect. These body systems include

• Blood and blood vessels
• Digestive system (including the mouth)
• Eyes
• Glands
• Heart
• Joints
• Kidneys
• Lungs
• Muscles
• Nerves and brain
• Skin

Common Symptoms

Some of the more common symptoms that occur are:

• Fever Fatigue
• Cough Depression
• Wheezing Weight gain
• Diarrhea Sensitivity to cold
• Rash Dry hair
• Joint pain Muscle weakness
• Coughing up blood Constipation

Symptoms are not always present. They may also become worse over time or fade and reappear.

Causes and Risks of Autoimmune Diseases

Scientists have found there are several things that cause autoimmune diseases. Toxins from the environment, viruses, heredity, and certain drugs are considered to be possible causes.

Poor health habits such as stress, lack of exercise, poor food choices, lack of sleep, alcohol abuse, and tobacco all work to leave the immune system weaker and makes it easier to develop an autoimmune disease.

Autoimmune diseases can’t be passed from person to person. They are not spread through touch, sex, or through blood. They can’t spread like a virus or bacteria. The only occurrence of transfer has been from a pregnant mother to her fetus but that happens rarely.

Organ transplants do not transfer autoimmune disease because the white blood cell count in the organ is low and a normal immune system adjusts to handle the new organ. A graft-versus-host disease may occur; however, this is different from an autoimmune disease.

People Who Are Prone To Developing Autoimmune Disease

When autoimmune diseases were first recognized professional health authorities didn’t know what caused an immune system to suddenly not be able to recognize the difference between antigens and healthy body tissue. After careful studies have been conducted it has been noted that anyone can develop an autoimmune disease; however, women who are of childbearing age are more likely to develop the disease.

Some autoimmune diseases frequent families such as multiple sclerosis and lupus. It is also possible for several autoimmune diseases to attack certain family members due to genes. The disease may be triggered with a combination of environment and inherited genes.

The environment has an important part to play in the development of autoimmune diseases. Exposure to solvents, sunlight, bacteria, and viruses can be linked to the development of some autoimmune diseases.

Certain ethnic backgrounds are more likely to develop certain diseases than others. For example Caucasians are more likely to develop Type 1 diabetes while African Americans have a higher incidence of lupus.

Women are more prone to autoimmune diseases than men.

How to Prevent Autoimmune Diseases

Unfortunately, there are no preventative methods for autoimmune diseases. A weak immune system can make the body susceptible to numerous infectious diseases. However, the immune system can be too strong or directed against its own healthy body tissue so strengthening the immune system doesn’t help an autoimmune disease.

Practicing good health habits is your best defense in case you develop an autoimmune disease. Good habits can help relieve some symptoms and keep your body stronger while it’s under attack.

Diagnosis and Tests

Diagnosing an autoimmune disease is a long, tedious process. Many of the autoimmune diseases have the same symptoms and these same symptoms are shared by other diseases. Doctors must eliminate all possibilities of what the symptoms could mean through various tests which takes quite a long time to complete.

Some things you can do to help your doctor diagnose an autoimmune disease are:

• Choose a specialist who treats the general area of your symptoms. For example, if you are experiencing stomach and bowel problems you will need to see a gastroenterologist. Your family doctor can recommend a specialist.
• Write down your family’s health history to include every disease or symptom suffered by any family member including extended family.
• Record all of your symptoms no matter how minor they seem.
• A second or third opinion may make you more comfortable especially if your doctor seems to dismiss your symptoms as being all in your head or he tells you they are due to stress.

Blood tests are given to diagnose autoimmune diseases and to monitor them once diagnosed. Blood tests measure organ function and inflammation. X-rays are also used to monitor diseases. A schedule for the frequency of testing may be several times a day as with diabetes up to every 90 days or so with other diseases.

Diagnosis of an autoimmune disease includes the symptoms, a physical exam conducted by a health professional, and laboratory test results. Early detection is very difficult because symptoms are shared by several diseases. It may be necessary to monitor the symptoms for a long period of time to determine their course and to see if other symptoms develop in order to diagnose an autoimmune disease.

Pharmaceutical Treatment Options

Unfortunately, there is no cure for an autoimmune disease. All treatments are to lessen the frequency and severity of symptoms. The diseases get progressively worse so treatments are used to slow down their progress.

Autoimmune diseases are treated by the symptoms experienced by the body system that is being attacked. For example, inflammation is one symptom that shows up in many of the diseases and is treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as aspirin, naproxen sodium (Aleve) and ibuprofen. NSAIDs are purchased over the counter and stronger doses can be prescribed by your doctor.

Medicines are used to replace body substances that can no longer be produced naturally in the body. One notable example is insulin that must be injected into the body to control blood sugar levels. Another example is thyroid hormone that restores proper thyroid hormone levels. Pharmaceutical treatments will vary per person and as time goes on.

The three things rheumatologists, endocrinologists, neurologists, and other professionals do when treating autoimmune disease is relieve symptoms, preserve the organs’ functions, and slow the progress of the disease.

Herbal Remedies

There are natural herbs that can help alleviate the symptoms of autoimmune diseases. It must be understood that any alternative treatments should be shared with your doctor and are not meant to replace any medicine your doctor suggests. A doctor should know what you’re taking in order to avoid negative substance interaction.

Two of the most popular herbs to take in the treatment of autoimmune symptoms are sarsaparilla and yarrow. Both of these herbs work to purify the blood and reduce inflammation in muscles and joints.

A 300 mg dosage of milk thistle or silymarin purifies the blood and increases bile flow to the liver. Yucca reduces stiffness and pain in muscles. Yucca is also good for autoimmune diseases of the skin and is used in shampoos and body soaps.

Other herbs used in the treatment of symptoms generated by autoimmune diseases are:

Chlorella

Chlorella or spirulina is a supplement that is taken daily to treat lupus symptoms. A probiotic and a high-potency vitamin will also help combat the symptoms suffered during a lupus symptom attack.

Plant Sterols

Supplementing with plant sterols and sterolin has proven to be effective in building up a weak immune system and at the time calming down an overactive immune system. One study of sterols and sterolins on 25,000 people has proven them to be safe with no side effects, no negative interaction with drugs, and producing no toxicity. Sterols and sterolin helps reduce stress, pain, and inflammation.

(See www.evenbetternow.com/immune_health_natural_supplement_therapies.php)

These are only two of the hundreds of supplements used by people to find relief from the symptoms of autoimmune diseases. Be very careful of any product that claims complete reversal of any autoimmune disease if their supplements are taken. There are no known cures for autoimmune diseases so you must be careful to continue being monitored by your physician.

Other Possible Treatments

There are other treatments available besides pharmaceutical drugs and herbal remedies.

• Hormone replacement therapy uses hormones to bring relief from the effects of hormone deficiency.
• Enzyme replacement therapy utilizes enzymes to alleviate the effects of enzyme deficiency.
• Corticosteroid treatment uses steroids to regulate inflammation, immune response, and stress.
• Plasmapheresis is used to remove antibodies from the blood to prevent them from attacking body tissue and making more antibodies.
• Immunosuppressants or immunodepressants act to suppress or lessen the immune response.
• Methotrexate is used to slow the progress of certain cells that reproduce quickly such as cancer, skin, and bone marrow cells.
• Cyclophosphamide is used to slow the growth of cancer cells.
• Azathioprine is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis to decrease the effects of certain cells in the immune system.
• Cyclosporin is used in preventing organ rejection and in treating psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis.
• Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is a solution of antibodies that are sterile and concentrated. They are taken from healthy people and injected into people who have abnormal production of antibodies.

Even though there is no known cure for autoimmune diseases there are many medical and natural ways to relieve the symptoms, slow down disease progression, and reduce organ deterioration.

How To Live With An Autoimmune Disease

There are several things that can be done to better manage an autoimmune disease.

A healthy diet is essential. Eating a well-balanced diet of vegetables, fruits, low-free or fat-free dairy products, whole grains and lean proteins is the first step in keep your body well by feeding it the right things. You will need to limit the “bad” fats (saturated and trans), salt and sugars. Good foods are the best way to get the nutrients your body needs.

Physical exercise always helps in moderation. Strenuous exercise is probably not the best for you to engage in. Ask your doctor for suggestions or become a student of yoga, tai chi, Pilates, or another gentle exercise.

Reduce stress levels as much as possible. It’s a known fact that stress or anxiety can make the body more susceptible to autoimmune symptoms. Learn a few relaxation techniques such as hypnosis, guided imagery, and meditation and then stick with the one you like the best. There are hundreds of instructions books, dvds, and live teachers who teach the art of relaxation. These techniques can help you relieve pain and cope better mentally with an autoimmune disease. Some people find counseling effective in reducing stress.

Getting enough sleep can also help reduce stress levels. Adequate sleep aids the body in fighting disease. Most people need at least 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night.

Treatment Costs

The first thing to consider in adding up the costs of having an autoimmune disease is that treatment of any kind will be ongoing since there is no cure for an autoimmune disease. Whether you decide to use medicines or natural remedies you will be taking them for the rest of your life.

Some chemical and natural remedies can be expensive to take. Ask your doctor if the drugs you are taking have a generic form to reduce the costs. Sometimes buying medications for several months can reduce the cost. Supplements can be bought the same way.

Some online pharmacies and natural remedy companies offer an affiliate program that you can use to offset your costs. If you find a natural remedy that helps you with your symptoms you may want to spread the word by becoming an affiliate for the company that sells the product.

Some companies pay a commission as high as 50% of the cost. You may even save up to 50% off your own orders for the product. Search the site for a link that reads “affiliates” and read the program they have set up. It won’t be hard to learn how to become a successful affiliate since there is extensive information on the Web on the subject.

Additional Costs

There are other costs, too, such as doctors’ visits and tests you’ll need to take periodically. Adequate health care insurance should help you reduce these costs. There are health care plans you can explore on the Internet.

This report has explained what happens to an immune system that no longer recognizes good tissue from foreign matter in the body. The result develops into an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases can’t be cured. Science has learned to treat symptoms so the patient can reduce pain and slow down deterioration of the body system that is under attack.

Practicing good healthy habits and taking chemical or natural remedies for symptoms are two things that make having an autoimmune disease a little more bearable. It is important to have your disease monitored periodically to remain alert to any new developments.

What Are Varicose Veins

Varicose veins, also known as varicosity and varicosis, are veins that have become twisted and engorged due to the collection of an abnormal amount of blood. Varicose veins are sometimes painful and can happen to any veins but most often affect the veins of the legs and feet, which is the result of walking and standing upright, increasing pressure on the veins in your lower body.

Symptoms of Varicose Veins

For some people, the only symptom of varicose veins is visual, as pain does not always, or even usually, accompany the condition. Signs of varicosity include veins that are a dark blue or purple color and that are visible beneath the skin. The veins will also appear to be twisted or misshapen and engorged or bulging. You may also see a mild swelling of the ankles, and possibly some skin discoloration.

For some sufferers of varicose veins, pain will accompany their visual symptoms. There will be an aching or heavy feeling to the affected area. Swelling, muscle cramping, or a burning sensation may occur, which can be worse after a prolonged period of sitting or standing. You may also experience a persistent itch over the affected veins. In more severe cases, you may develop skin ulcers near your ankle. This is a symptom that should not be ignored and medical treatment should be sought. Varicosity symptoms tend to worsen over time, and women who are menstruating may experience heightened symptoms of their varicosity, as increased progesterone levels contribute to varicose veins.

You may be able alleviate some of your symptoms with self-care: elevating the legs, wearing compressed stockings, and exercise all work to ease painful symptoms and may prevent worsening symptoms.

Causes of Varicose Veins

The purpose of your veins is to return blood to the heart, which will be recirculated throughout your body via your arteries before the process is repeated. There are valves within your veins assisting in this process. The valves open to allow the blood to flow back to your heart, and close again to stop the blood from returning. Assisting in this process are also muscle contractions to help move the flow of blood, and elasticity in the vein walls. When any of these processes cease to function correctly, varicose veins may result.

There are a few reasons normal vein functioning might cease. The valves in your veins may be congenitally weak. In other words, they may have been defective since birth. Varicose veins are thought to be a hereditary trait, so this weakness may be genetic. Age also increases the likelihood of developing varicose veins. As your body ages, your veins may lose some of their elasticity and as a result become misshapen. Age may also weaken the valves in your veins, allowing the blood that should be flowing toward the heart to back up and pool within the vein. When this happens, the vein becomes swollen and twisted. The blue appearance of the veins is due to the fact that the blood trapped in the vein is deoxygenated (oxygenated blood flows through the arteries to nourish the body, whereas veins carry back the deoxygenated blood to the heart).

The most common secondary cause of varicose veins is pregnancy. Factors contributing to pregnancy-related varicosity are numerous. First, there is an increase in the volume of blood in pregnant women, which is coupled with a decrease in blood flow between legs and pelvis. The purpose is for greater fetal support, but one side effect may be varicose veins. The second contributing factor is the extra weight a pregnant woman has in her uterus, which exerts extra pressure on her legs. Third, changes in the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone work to relax the vein walls, further contributing to varicosity. Typically, varicose veins that develop during pregnancy improve without medical intervention within a few months of delivery.

Risk Factors of Varicose Veins

While a definitive cause for varicose veins is unknown, experts agree that certain factors increase your risk of developing varicose veins. Age is the greatest indicator. Between the ages of 30 and 70 you stand a greater chance of experiencing varicosity. This is due to the increased wear and tear on the veins as you age, which affects blood flow. Your veins have to fight gravity to return the blood to your heart, and when they are weakened with age – both the walls of the vein and the valves blocking blood from flowing backward – it may cause the blood to back up and collect in the vein.

Sex is another indicator of increased risk of varicosity. Women are more likely than men to develop varicose veins, at nearly double the rate as men do. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, menstruation and menopause may be the contributing factor here. The female hormones (estrogen and progesterone) work to relax the vein walls which reduces their effectiveness. Genetics also play a role. If a family member has varicose veins, you are more likely to develop them as well.

Added strain to your body may also increase your risk of developing varicose veins. Obesity adds pressure to your legs and therefore your veins. Certain chronic conditions also add a strain to your veins: constipation, an enlarged prostate resulting in urinary retention, chronic coughing, and any other condition which may cause you to strain for prolonged periods of time and therefore increase the pressure on your veins. Prolonged standing also places a greater strain on the legs and may lead to varicose veins, especially if the valves have been weakened by age, pregnancy, obesity, or prior leg injuries or surgeries.

Prevention Tips

Researchers have been unable to definitely say what causes varicose veins, which makes the question of prevention tricky. In addition, there is no guarantee against developing varicose veins, however carefully you follow prevention techniques. There are a number of options, though, to prevent varicose veins, or prevent current varicosity from worsening.

Improving overall health will help prevent varicose veins, especially improving circulation and muscle tone. By exercising, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a diet high in fiber and low in sodium, you will improve your circulation. Toning your muscles also assists in this, as muscle contractions help move the flow of blood in your veins, so keep your legs fit via walking, bicycling, or climbing stairs. Moving your legs on a regular basis will also help. If you are required to sit for long periods of time, periodically flexing your ankle and calf muscles – at least a few times every hour – will help pump the blood through your legs. To do this, simply pump your foot up and down, mimicking the walking motion, at least 10 times per leg every hour.

Another technique to prevent varicose veins is to elevate the legs, making sure your feet are in a higher position than your heart. If your job requires long periods of standing or sitting, sleep with your feet elevated, propping them with cushions to keep them elevated above heart level. You may also want to wear compression stockings, a kind of support hose that provide an outer pressure that may improve circulation and increase blood flow. Compression stockings should especially be worn during long periods of sitting, whether at work or during long plane or car rides.

There are avoidance techniques you may practice as well. Avoid prolonged periods of time standing or sitting. Also, you should avoid high heels which put undue pressure on your legs. Tight clothing or hosiery, which restricts blood flow and disrupts circulation, should also be avoided to help prevent varicose veins. You should also avoid excess heat on your legs. Heat contributes to the swelling in varicose veins, so avoid hot tubs and baths that are too hot.

Testing for Varicose Veins

The first step in diagnosing varicose veins is a physical exam. The physical exam will include your doctor looking at your legs while you are standing to check for any swelling. Your doctor may also ask for a description of your symptoms, such as any pain you may be experiencing in relation to your varicose veins. Generally speaking, varicose veins are diagnosed strictly through these visual means and there are no other tests necessary to confirm a diagnosis of varicose veins. However, your doctor may decide the need for other tests is indicated based on any complications you may experience from your varicose veins, such as blood clots.

An ultrasound is the most common test requested. This is a noninvasive procedure and is used to ensure your veins are functioning normally and there is no clotting. An ultrasound technician will usually perform this test. The technician will apply a warm gel to the area, which helps to produce a clean picture for the technician. He or she will then rub a small device called a transducer against your skin, over the gel, which sends images of your veins to a monitor so that the technician and your doctor may check for vascular health.

Treatment

Home Remedies

The greatest treatments for varicose veins are self-care such as the above described preventative measures. Topping the list are elevating your legs, exercise and diet, and compression stockings. Exercise will improve your circulation and overall health. Work with your doctor to determine the appropriate level of activity for you. Following a healthy diet not only will help you shed any extra pounds adding stress to your veins, but a low-sodium, high-fiber diet prevents water retention and constipation, both of which contribute to swelling and varicosity.

Compression stockings are your best bet for self-care, and should be tried before seeking medical treatment. These support hose apply constant, uniform pressure to your legs, improving circulation. They are worn all day and come in varying “strengths” of compression, including prescription strength, but don’t necessarily need to be tight, just strong. They can be bought at most pharmacies, but before purchasing your pair, use a tape measure to measure yourself according to the chart you’ll find on the package to ensure you buy the right size.

Compression stockings may be difficult for certain people to put on, so if you have arthritis or weak hands, there are devices available to help you put on these stockings. These self-care remedies are very effective, with little to no risk of side effects. If your varicose veins are pregnancy related the condition will typically improve within three months of delivery.

Medical Treatment Options

If self-care does not work and your varicose veins have become painful, or if the area is swollen or tender or discolored, or if a rash appears, you need to seek medical attention. There are a number of medical treatment options available to treat varicose veins. Be sure to research your choice carefully, and check with your primary doctor before having any treatments performed.

Sclerotherapy

The most common medical treatment for varicose veins. A solution is injected into the affected vein, which triggers a swelling of the vein walls, causing them to stick together and finally shut. This stops blood flow and the vein turns to scar tissue and eventually fades. The same vein may need to be injected more than once, depending on the severity of the varicosity.

This is an effective treatment when done correctly and the treatment can be performed in your doctor’s office. There are various possible side effects, including stinging, cramping, redness, skin ulcers, and bruising at the injection site. Discoloration may appear around the treated vein, though it usually disappears. The vein may also become swollen or develop bits of coagulated blood, which is not dangerous. Applied heat and aspirin should reduce swelling, antibiotics may be prescribed for any infection, and the bits of coagulated blood can be drained.

Electrodessication

This is very similar to sclerotherapy, but instead of sealing off the vein with the injected solution, an electrical current is used. Possible side effects are also very similar.

Laser Surgery

The laser projects a strong stream of light directly onto the vein, causing it to fade and disappear. This procedure is very accurate when done correctly and only damages the affected area. This noninvasive procedure does not include any needles or incisions, and the patient will only feel a slight pinch when the laser hits the patient’s skin, which can be soothed by cooling the skin. The treatment takes 15 to 20 minutes and will need to be repeated two to five times, depending on the level of varicosity the patient is experiencing. Normal activity may be resumed immediately following treatment. Side effects may include some redness or swelling to the treatment area, but these typically last only a couple of days. Also, the patient my experience some discoloration of the affected area, which should disappear after one to two weeks.

Closure

Closure involves placing a catheter into the vein, heating the tip of the catheter, and then removing the catheter. As the heated catheter moves through the vein, the vein collapses and seals itself shut. The patient’s healthy veins should then restore blood flow. This surgery is typically used on very large veins, and the only side effect is bruising.

Ligation or Stripping

This is typically an outpatient procedure (occurring in an operating room) and requires either a local or general anesthesia. It entails tying shut the affected vein and removing it through a series of small incisions. Ligation or stripping is usually performed on surface veins and removing them does not negatively effect circulation. As with any procedure, if a general anesthesia is used, the patient runs the risk of cardiac or respiratory complications. As in sclerotherapy, blood coagulation may occur, but rarely is a problem as the collected blood settles on its own. At the incision points infection, inflammation and redness may occur, and possibly permanent scars. Nerve damage is another possible side effect, as nerve branches are difficult to avoid in this surgery. A deep vein blood clot is the most serious possible side effect of this procedure, and there is a risk the clot could travel to the heart or lungs.

Ambulatory Phlebotomy

In this procedure, a special light is used to locate the varicose vein. Next, small incisions are made in the skin and surgical hooks are used to pull the vein out of the leg. This is generally an outpatient procedure that requires anesthesia to the incision area. The most common side effects are bruising and mild scarring and patients may return to normal activity the following day.

Endoscopic Vein Surgery

This surgery is used to treat more severe instances of varicosity that include skin ulcers. Anesthesia is required and the procedure is approximately one to two hours in length. A skinny camera is inserted into you leg to enable the surgeon to see your veins and then close the varicosities. Next the veins are removed through small incision in the skin. Activity must be kept to a minimum for a couple of days after surgery, and may slowly return to normal activity over the next few weeks.

Alternative Medicine

Horse chestnut seed extract is an herbal remedy that may be used to treat swelling and discomfort associated with varicose veins. It is used in Europe to treat chronic venuous insufficiency. CVI may include leg swelling or itching, varicose veins, leg pain, and skin ulcers. Side effects of horse chestnut seed extract are no different than with placebos. However, there is an increased risk of low blood sugar, so consult with your doctor before taking and use with caution if you are a diabetic.

Resources

National Institute of Medicine

Emedicinehealth.Com

MedicineNet.Com

Breast cancer is a disease that can strike fear in the heart of any woman, and with good reason. It is the second most prevalent kind of cancer, after lung cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, there were about 194,280 new cases of breast cancer in the U.S. last year. This is including 1,910 cases of breast cancer in men. Of these new cases they expect 40,610, including that of 440 men, to be fatal. Although the survival rate for breast cancer is better than ever, these are still staggering numbers.

What is Breast Cancer?

Breast cancer is any cancer involving breast tissue, but it can take various forms and stages of severity. Most common are those involving the milk ducts or the lobules that supply milk to the ducts. Cancers found in the milk ducts are called ductal carcinomas. Those found in the lobules are called lobular carcinomas. Some cancers are slow growing and others are extremely aggressive. They are rated from Stage I to Stage IV, depending on progression and seriousness. Some are caused by environmental factors and others by genetic tendencies. Survival rates vary greatly, depending on the combination of factors, in each individual case. Treatments also vary depending on these factors.

Risk Factors for Brease Cancer

There are many conditions that increase your risk for breast cancer, but do keep in mind that having one or more of these risk factors does not mean you will contract cancer. It comes down to the fact that information is power. If you are aware of a risk for something, you can take steps to control those factors that put you at greater risk.

That said here are some risk factors to consider:

• Being a woman. Although it is possible for a man to have breast cancer, as a woman, your risk is greater.
• Growing older. Your chances of getting a breast cancer increases as you age.
• Overweight. Those extra pounds can increase your risk of breast cancer.
• Waiting to have a child. A woman who has her first child after age 35 is at increased risk.
• Not having children. More menstrual periods in your lifetime means a greater chance of developing breast cancer.
• Heredity. If a close family member has had breast cancer, there is more of a chance that you will get it too.
• Cancer survivor. If you have had cancer in one breast the chances are greater that you will contract it in the other side.
• Early periods. Beginning menstruation before 12 years old can also increase risk.
• Later menopause. Beginning menopause after 55 years old also may increase risk.
• Hormone replacement therapy. Some combinations of estrogen and progesterone may have an effect on
• breast cancer risks.
• Imbibing in alcohol. Drinking may increase risk.
• Exposure to radiation at a young age. Radiation treatments in the chest area as a child or teen may increase risk.

Breast Cancer Symptoms

Often, there are no clear symptoms pointing to breast cancer. That is why it is so important to be aware and be tested regularly.

Some common tests for detecting breast cancer:

Mammogram

Although researchers are constantly searching for better ways to detect breast cancer the mammogram is still the most recommended. Recently the United States Preventive Services Task Force changed the guidelines concerning how often a mammogram is needed. Their recommendation is that an average risk woman between the ages of 50 to 74 be screened every 2 years.

MRI

May be used to detect hard to find cancer

Ultrasound

This may be used in some cases especially to determine if a lump is a solid mass or liquid filled.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves removing a bit of tissue or liquid to be screened for malignancy.

Self Exams

Monthly self exams aren’t stressed the way were a few years ago, they help you be familiar with your own body and to detect any possible changes from month to month. Watch for any changes in the breast area, including the obvious, finding a lump or thickness, different from the surrounding tissue. Check for changes in appearance, as well. These could include a change in size or shape of the breast, dimpling of the skin on the breast, peeling of the skin on the nipple or if the nipple becomes inverted (sinks in). Gently squeeze the nipple and check for any discharge. If you notice changes talk to your doctor immediately.

Common Breast Cancer Treatments

Surgery

Often surgery is recommended to remove the cancerous tissue. The extent of the surgery can range anywhere from a lumpectomy, removing only the cancerous lump itself, to a radical mastectomy, removing all the breast tissue and perhaps even the lymph nodes.

As with any surgery, there are risks involved including the possibility of infection, scarring and slow wound healing. In addition there may be some sensitivity or numbness from damaged nerves caused by the removal of surrounding tissue.

Chemotherapy

A systemic therapy, this simply means that it affects the entire body. Chemotherapy bombards the body with strong chemicals that destroy the cancer cells at the original site and any that may have spread to other areas. Occasionally, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink or eliminate the cancer with or without additional treatment.

Because of the way chemotherapy targets the fast growing cancer cells it also affects other more quickly growing cells in the body such as hair, nails and blood cells.

Side effects vary depending on the type of medicine you are getting and the dosage and can even be different from one person to another. Common side effects include fatigue, anemia, hair loss, infection, nausea and vomiting, nerve problems with hands or feet, cough or sore throat, things may taste or smell odd, weight loss or gain, skin, mouth or vaginal dryness, and lines on or color changes in the nails.

Make sure to tell your doctor of any changes or discomforts you may be experiencing because there may be ways to alleviate your symptoms and help you through a difficult transition.

You may also want to check with a nutritionist who has experience working with cancer patients. There are many foods and supplements that can help build you up and lessen some of the undesirable effects of the chemo. For example: You will need plenty of good quality protein to help your body repair itself and plenty of fruits and vegetables to help your body function at peak. Some people find a nutient dense addition like wheat grass makes them feel better overall. Be sure and check with your doctor before trying anything different.

Radiation therapy (radiotherapy)

Radiation therapy is a very, targeted treatment preformed by a radiation oncologist. It pinpoints the area in which the cancer is located and destroys the abnormal cells. It is used to reduce the risk of a recurrence of the cancer in the affected area.

Side effects are, generally, limited to the treatment site and vary from person to person. Reaction usually come on slowly and develops over the course of the treatment. These side effects may include itching, burning and redness of the skin in the area of treatment.

Immune targeted therapies

These are therapies used to target specific characteristics of the cancer cells and to keep them from having the means they need to thrive.

• Herceptin keeps the cancer cells from receiving chemical signals that encourage them to grow
• Avastin blocks the growth of blood vessels that feed the cancer cells
• Tykerb blocks proteins that promote uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

Preventing Breast Cancer

Be aware of the environmental causes of breast cancer.

There is no doubt we live in a dangerous world. There are many chemicals in everyday use that can affect our susceptibility to certain cancers. Many unknown effects are caused by different types of chemicals and toxins and need further study to be proven, but in the meantime, there are steps you can take to protect yourself from possible hazards. These include limiting exposure in and around the home.

Go natural whenever possible. Many non-toxic household cleaners can be purchased or made from natural ingredients such as vinegar, lemon juice, baking soda and salt. Be aware of what ingredients are in any chemicals used in yard and garden and read all instructions to use them safely. Do not expose children to them and stay away from them yourself, if pregnant. A little prevention is fairly easy and can make a great deal of difference in maintaining a healthy life.

Note that some chemicals that mimic estrogen are commonly found in plastics used for packaging and food storage and are particularly conducive to promoting breast cancer, so it is best to avoid microwaving in any type of plastic to limit this risk factor.

You can find more information about toxins in our environment at Envirocancer.cornell.edu

Watch Your Diet

As with any disease or health problem, the best cure for breast cancer is to avoid getting it in the first place. There are many variables that each of us has control over that can lower the risk of developing any type of cancer. One place to start is with what we eat.

Logically, we all know we should eliminate the “junk” foods from our diet, but perhaps something a bit more drastic is in order. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (AJCN) reports that the incidence of breast cancer in women who follow a traditional Japanese or Mediterranean diet is much lower than in those who follow a traditional American diet.

The emphasis on vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fish and good fats is an excellent and tasty way to prevent health issues and is in sharp contrast to a typical American diet filled with nutritionally empty calories, heavily processed grains, large amounts of sugar, red meat and harmful fats. The very components so prevalent in this type of diet are what keep us sick and in pain.

Exercise Regularly

Obesity and a sedentary life style have been attributed to a higher risk of breast cancer as well as many other health problems.

Know your Heredity History

Although, we don’t have a say in controlling our heredity, we do have the option of taking the best care of our bodies that we possible can. This includes eating and exercising properly and limiting our exposure to environmental toxins. These steps, alone, can go a long way in limiting the chances of contracting breast cancer

What’s Next?

If you are already in a struggle with breast cancer, remember that there have been many others who have not only survived the fight, but who have actually thrived because of it and come out healthier for what they have learned. You can be the next success story.

Measles is a very serious respiratory virus that is considered one of the “standard childhood diseases”. Measles is highly contagious; in fact, in the pre-20th century world, measles outbreaks often grew into epidemics. However, thanks to modern medicine, measles is no longer a serious threat. There is practically no possibility of measles causing an epidemic; except, perhaps, in third world countries.

Although measles usually affects children below the age of 9, older children as well as adults can also contract the illness. Young children have a better chance of surviving the virus without complications than adults do. Adults, particularly pregnant mothers, who contract the measles should seek medical help immediately.

Alternative Names

There are two different types of measles: rubeola and rubella. Although the symptoms of these two illnesses are very similar, they are caused by two separate viruses.

Rubeola

The most common type of measles is caused by the rubeola virus. This virus is also known as“red” or “hard” measles. A person with rubeola will experience flu-like symptoms, followed by a red, itchy rash. The symptoms of the rubeola virus usually last for 14 days or longer.

Symptoms of the Rubeola Virus

After a person has been infected by the rubeola virus, it will usually take 1 to 2 weeks before he or she starts showing any symptoms. This period is called the “incubation period”. After the incubation period, the person will start to experience flu-like symptoms. He or she will have a sore throat, a runny nose, and itchy, red eyes, also known as conjunctivas. The person will also experience intestinal problems, a severe cough, and his or her lymph nodes will very likely swell. Also, the rubeola virus often causes a fever of 103-degrees Fahrenheit.

As the flu-like symptoms disappear, the person will begin developing measles rash. The person will first develop a few red spots on the inside of his or her mouth; the rash will eventually spread all across the person’s body. Before the rash disappears, it will turn from red to brown. It will often take 2 weeks for a person with rubeola to fully recover.

Although measles rash is not as unpleasant as the rash associated with chickenpox, it is still very uncomfortable and can cause itching and other discomfort.

The rubeola virus most often affects young children.

Rubella

Measles caused by the rubella virus are often referred to as “German” or “three-day” measles. Although the symptoms of the two viruses are almost identical, rubella usually lasts only for a few days. However, those with the rubella virus are much more likely to develop secondary complications than those with the rubeola virus.

Symptoms of the Rubella Virus

The incubation period of the rubella virus can last from 2 to 3 weeks. The first symptoms of rubella are almost identical to those of rubeola. However, a person with rubella will begin developing a rash much more quickly. The rash will begin on the person’s face and then will spread across his or her body. The rash caused by the rubella virus will often disappear after 3 days, hence the nickname “three-day measles”. Rubella also causes a high fever, although it will rarely rise above 100-degrees Fahrenheit.

Children of all ages as well as adults can be affected by the rubella virus. However, a person with rubella is much more likely to develop secondary complications than a person with rubeola. Pregnant mothers are particularly as risk (see CRS in “Risk Factors”).

Causes

Both types of measles are caused by being exposed to a person infected with the virus. Since the virus can be airborne, it can spread even when an infected person is not in close contact with others. A person with the measles is contagious for about 4 days before and after the rash first appears.

Risk Factors

Although measles is a serious illness, it will often run its course without causing any serious complications. Infected children will most likely survive the virus very easily. Adults are at a higher risk of developing complications. Secondary complications of measles can include pneumonia, bronchitis, or other lung conditions; in rare cases, measles can cause encephalitis and/or meningitis. There is also a possibility of sensory impairment such as loss of sight or hearing.

One possible complication of the rubella virus is congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS occurs when a
pregnant mother passes the rubella virus to her unborn child. The virus can cause serious birth defects such as brain damage, heart defects, or sensory impairment. Congenital rubella syndrome also increases the risk of miscarriage or stillbirth.

Both the rubeola and the rubella viruses are considered detrimental to those infected with HIV.

Measles rash rarely causes scarring. If minor blemishes remain after the rash disappears, they can usually be lightened by cocoa butter or vitamin E oil.

Prevention Tips

The best way to avoid the measles is to be vaccinated with an MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) shot. Because the vaccine is made up of live attenuated viruses, the person vaccinated will experience some unpleasant symptoms. However, the vaccine will keep the person from ever being infected by any of the three viruses. The vaccine is most often given to children, ages 18 months to 1 year. If one shot does not provide sufficient protection, the child will be vaccinated again around age 4. Medical doctors can perform blood tests that will determine a person’s immunity.

The MMR vaccine has been surrounded by controversy for years. Many parents have been concerned that the vaccine could increase their children’s chances of developing autism. However, recent studies have proven that there is absolutely no link between the MMR vaccine and autism.

Although the MMR vaccine is most often given to young children, it can be given to adults; it is particularly recommended for adults infected with HIV.

Although a person infected with a measles virus does not need to be quarantined, he or she should not mingle with the general public. Infected children should not attend school or other group activities until the virus is past the contagious stage. Infected adults should stay home from work. A person who has been vaccinated properly will never catch the measles; also, if an unvaccinated person survives the illness, he or she will never become infected again.

Treatment Options

Viruses, including those that cause measles, do not respond to antibiotics. Therefore, it is impossible to “cure” measles. Some of the symptoms of measles can be alleviated, both by natural and by chemical and/or pharmaceutical means. However, the most important element in treating the measles is to lower the fever before it causes secondary complications and/or physical damage.

Natural and/or Home Remedies

White Willow Bark

White willow bark was used in the ancient world to lower fevers. It contains salicin, which is very similar to aspirin. However, white willow bark must be taken properly in order to be effective. It should never be taken without the guidance of a medical professional. White willow bark is not recommended for children.

Vitamin B Complex

B vitamins are always useful for fighting infections and boosting the immune system. If a person with the measles takes large doses of B vitamins daily, the duration of the illness will very likely be shortened and the risk of complications lowered. Adults should take approximately 300 mg of B vitamins per day. A medical professional should be consulted before B vitamins are administered to children.

Vitamin C

Large doses of vitamin C will help boost the immune system and control fevers. Also, since it can fight infections, it can help keep complications from developing. A person infected with a measles virus should take 3,000 to 10,000 mg per day. Small children should take a slightly smaller dose. Vitamin C can cause temporary intestinal problems.

Vitamin E

200-800 IU per day of vitamin E can help boost the immune system and promote tissue repair. Small children should never be given more than 200 IU per day. Also, topically applied vitamin E oil can help sooth measles rash.

Lanolin Products

Lanolin will help sooth measles rash. Lanolin should not cause any adverse effects unless the person is allergic to it. Also, when treating measles rash, it is advisable to use pure lanolin. Lanolin mixed with preservatives and/or other chemicals may cause further skin irritation.

Oatmeal Baths

Oatmeal baths are a traditional way to sooth rashes from measles and other viruses. Add 1 cup of dried oatmeal to a warm bath or create an oatmeal mixture and apply it directly to the irritated spot. Adding soothing herbs such as mint, licorice, or chamomile can also be helpful; just make sure not to add anything that might cause an allergic reaction. Special bath mixtures can be made at home or purchased ready-made at most health and wellness stores.

Chamomile

Chamomile tea can help relieve coughs and sore throats. The herb also has a calming effect and can help induce sleep. It is also very soothing to the skin and can be used for baths or topical rubs. Caution should be used, however, because some people are allergic to this herb.

Homeopathic Remedies

Homeopathic remedies are some of the best ways to treat the symptoms of both measles viruses. If taken properly and under the guidance of a homeopath or other qualified professional, these remedies should not have any adverse effects. Homeopathic remedies are perfectly safe for children of all ages.

Belladonna

Belladonna is particularly helpful for controlling high fevers. It will even help if the fever is causing sweating, delirium, or convulsions. Belladonna also relieves most flu-like symptoms.

Aconite

Aconite is only effective if given at the first sign of symptoms. It is also much more effective in treating children than adults. Aconite will help control fevers and will relieve sore throats and runny noses.

Gelsemium

Gelsemium will relieve flu-like symptoms and will help control the measles rash. In order to be effective, the remedy must be given at the first sign of red spots. Gelsemium is not the best homeopathic remedy for controlling fevers.

Sulphur

Sulphur primarily treats measles rash. It can also fight infections and will, therefore, help keep secondary complications, such as ear or lung infections, from forming.

Morbillinum

Morbillinum treats nearly every symptom of the measles. It also helps keep secondary complications from developing. However, Morbillium is not very effective for treating extremely high fevers.

Pulsatilla

Pulsatilla can help sore throats and runny noses and will also help slow down the development of measles rash.

Rhus Toxicodendron

Rhus toxicondendron can help lower high fevers and will also sooth measles rash. This remedy is useful during all stages of the measles.

Pharmaceuticals

Tylenol, Ibuprofen, and Other Fever Reducers

Traditional pharmaceuticals such as Tylenol and ibuprofen are highly recommended to help reduce fevers. If the dosage instructions are followed carefully, there will be absolutely no risk of adverse effects. Aspirin can also be used, but only by adults. Children and those under the age of 19 who take aspirin while infected with a virus run the risk of contracting the potentially life threatening disease Reye’s syndrome.

Every year millions of people see their doctors for symptoms such as constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or excessive gas. These are the most common indicators of gastrointestinal disorders. The diagnoses for digestive disorder range from an upset stomach to the potentially serious and life-threatening colon cancer, or colorectal cancer. The most common diagnoses are Irritable Bowel Syndrome, or IBS, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, also called IBD, and Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease, GERD. Other possible conclusions that a doctor may come to are that there is an ulcer somewhere in the digestive tract, the esophagus, stomach or large or small intestine. While a family doctor can diagnose and treat these diseases, referral to a gastroenterologist is usually recommended.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Also called spastic colon, nervous stomach, irritable colon and spastic colitis, this syndrome is not generally considered to be a serious intestinal disorder. The large intestine, or large bowel, becomes inflamed and irritated. The inflammation is usually not chronic. However, the symptoms and irritation reappear on an irregular basis. IBS does not increase the threat of developing colorectal cancer. Approximately 20 % of adults in the United States are affected by Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

Characteristic symptoms for IBS are bloating, gas, abdominal pain and discomfort, and constipation and/or diarrhea. Excess mucus or frequent urgency in bowel movements, feelings of incomplete evacuation or changes in stool are other symptoms that might be experienced. Nausea, fatigue and vomiting are also associated with IBS.

Specific causes for IBS have not been found. Stress is thought to be a factor in the development of IBS symptoms. Food allergies, excessive alcohol use and use of antibiotics may also play a role in this disorder. Peristalsis, the contraction of the muscles in the colon which moves the waste through, may be involved also. The contractions may stop temporarily or may cause intense periodic spasms.

Testing

Since there is no diagnostic test for IBS, the majority of tests that are performed to will be conducted in an effort to rule out other diseases or disorders. Stool sampling, blood work and abdominal x-rays will probably be performed first. A colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy will usually be ordered to take a look at the structure of the colon and search for abnormalities. CT scans and lactose intolerance tests are common diagnostic tools that may also be utilized. If the results of this testing is negative, a diagnosis of IBS may follow.

Most doctors use the Rome criteria in addition to the tests mentioned to diagnose this disorder. The Rome criterion states that the following symptoms must be present for at least 3 months out of the past year. The three months of symptoms do not need to be consecutive. First, the patient has had abdominal pain coupled with at least two of the following: it is relieved with a bowel movement, it coincides with a change in frequency of bowel movements, or there is a change in stool consistency.

Treatment methods for irritable bowel syndrome include dietary changes and stress management. Increasing the amount of fiber in your diet or taking fiber supplements will usually decrease constipation. Over-the-counter or prescription anti-diarrheal medicines can be used to control this symptom. Reducing or eliminating salads, raw vegetables and fruits and carbonated beverages will help with bloating and gas symptoms. Antidepressant medications and/or counseling may be prescribed for patients having difficulty managing their stress.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

There are two related but distinctly different diseases which fall into this category of intestinal disorders. Both of them are associated with chronic pain and swelling of the intestines. Ulcerative colitis, sometimes referred to as chronic ulcerative colitis or CUC, is an inflammation of the lining of the large intestine and rectum. The inflammation from Crohn’s disease can occur in any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the rectum. Most commonly it affects the lower part of the small intestine and the large intestine. Unlike colitis, the inflammation occurs in all of the layers of the intestinal wall.

Since both of these inflammatory bowel diseases involve bleeding into the digestive tract, the first symptoms noticed will be diarrhea, blood in the stools, weight loss, fatigue and anemia. Diminished appetite, fever and abdominal cramping are other symptoms common to patients suffering from IBD. Joint pain, skin rashes, and inflammation of the eyes are associated with IBD.

Along with noting the above symptoms, doctors will inquire about family history of IBD, history of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake as well as perform diagnostic tests as part of their examination process. Blood tests will be performed to determine if anemia and a high white blood cell count is present. Stool samples will be checked for the presence of abnormal bacteria, bleeding and infection. A barium enema, or lower GI series, is a procedure that examines the lower part of the small intestine, the entire large intestine and the rectal area.

This will show the presence of obstructions, blockages, or narrowed areas, strictures, in this part of the intestinal tract. A sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy is usually performed. During this procedure samples of cells or tissue may be removed for a biopsy of the material under a microscope.

Time Period of Treatment

Since inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic they usually require treatment with medications over an extended period of time. Aspirin products, steroids and immune system modifiers are the most common medications used to treat IBD. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to treat or prevent infections. Anemia is treated with Vitamin B and Iron, either in the form of supplements or injections.

Surgery may be indicated for both of these forms of IBD. If the patient’s response to medications is minimal or non-existent or the side effects of the medicine are intolerable surgery will usually be performed. Formation of strictures, blockages or an abscess or changes that indicate a precancerous or cancerous condition are also reasons for surgical intervention. Depending on the severity of the disease, ulcerative colitis patients may have a portion of their large intestine removed, or the entire colon will be taken out. Removing the entire colon is the only cure for colitis patients. If only a part of the colon is removed the remaining sections will be sutured together and normal bowel function will return.

There is a possibility that the colitis will recur, requiring further medication treatment and/or surgery. When the entire large intestine is removed, there are a few options for waste removal. The small intestine can be attached to a stoma, or opening, in the lower abdominal area.

The patient will need to wear an external bag to collect fecal material. This bag is emptied frequently and changed on a regular basis. A procedure known as an ileoanal anastomosis, or pouch procedure, can be quite effective and eliminates the need for a permanent stoma.

The lower part of the small intestine is used to create a reservoir, which is then connected to the anus. Surgery for Crohn’s disease is often required to relieve symptoms and to remove portions of the small intestine that have been damaged by the chronic inflammation.

However, surgery cannot cure the disease. Almost three-fourths of Crohn’s patients require surgery at some time during the course of their treatment. In this surgery the section of intestine that is showing active involvement of the disease is removed and the remaining ends of the intestine are surgically connected. Approximately 75 % of patients will experience a recurrence of Crohn’s disease within 10-15 years following surgery.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, occurs when gastric juices from the stomach flow upwards into the esophagus. The muscle at the bottom of the esophagus, the lower esophageal sphincter or LES, is thought to be the cause of GERD. A hiatal hernia occurs at this location which causes the sphincter to relax too frequently or for too long a time, allowing gastric acid to reflux into the esophagus.

Other factors may be obesity, overeating, use of alcohol or tobacco, or consuming too much caffeine. Eating fatty, spicy or acidic foods or foods containing peppermint, chocolate or citrus may also cause reflux disease. The disease is chronic, meaning that once it starts patients will suffer from it for their entire life.

Acid indigestion, or heartburn, is the most common symptom of GERD. It is a burning sensation behind the breastbone that seems to move upward toward the neck and throat. Other symptoms may include frequent burping, stomach aches, a persistent cough, gagging or choking, and waking up with a sour taste in your mouth or a soar throat.

Diagnoses

GERD is diagnosed utilizing a number of tests. A chest x-ray will look for signs of aspiration. An upper gastrointestinal series, called an upper GI or barium swallow, will assess the structure of the digestive organs. An endoscopy will often be performed. This involves inserting a small flexible tube containing a light and camera lens into the throat, stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine. In addition to being able to visually examine these areas, the physician is also able to collect tissue samples for biopsy examination.

A pH monitoring device may be inserted in the esophagus just above the LES and attached to an external monitor. Over a period of 24 hours the device records the pH level at the sphincter. The patient records the time and circumstances when an episode occurs, allowing the physician to make a correlation between symptoms and pH levels.

Symptoms

Mild GERD symptoms may be alleviated using antacids. Patients should avoid eating 2 to 3 hours before lying down. Use of tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine should be curtailed or discontinued. Elevating the head of the bed 6 inches is helpful. Cutting back on the amount of food eaten in one sitting is also recommended.

Mild to moderate symptoms will respond to the above lifestyle changes. Foaming agents may be used to cover the contents of the stomach with foam which prevents reflux. H2 blockers are available over the counter but only provide relief in about 50 % of GERD sufferers. These medications only provide short term relief from the symptoms.

Proton pump inhibitors can be obtained over the counter or by prescription. They are more effective than H2 blockers as they not only relieve symptoms but also heal the lining of the esophagus. Prokinetic medications help empty the stomach faster, improve the peristalsis movement in the digestive tract and strengthen the LES. However, the side effects of fatigue, anxiety and depression make physicians cautious in prescribing them. Medications work differently in each individual. They also may have less desirable effects when taken in certain combinations. Patients should always consult their physician before adding new medications or changing dosage.

Ulcers

An ulcer occurs when the lining in part of the digestive tract develops a sore which can cause a hole, or lesion. An ulcer located in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum, the beginning of the small intestine, is called a peptic ulcer. In the stomach, peptic ulcers are classified as gastric ulcers. Peptic ulcers in the duodenum are duodenal ulcers.

In the past physicians felt that ulcers were caused by stress or by eating too much acidic foods. Later they thought that the hydrochloric acid and pepsin released in the stomach during digestion was the cause. It is now known that the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDS, are the main factors that cause ulcers.

The H. pylori bacterium produces ammonia, which weakens the protective mucous coating in the stomach, allowing the acids produced during digestion to create sores. NSAIDS are weak acids and cause inflammation of the digestive tract. Smoking, alcohol use, caffeine and physical stress, such as major surgery or severe burns, are also contributory factors in the development of ulcers.

Symptoms

The symptoms of stomach ulcers may go unnoticed for a long time after the ulcer has formed. Duodenal ulcer symptoms present almost immediately after they have formed. A burning pain in the upper middle portion of the abdomen is the most common symptom. This pain may be temporarily relieved by eating or by taking an antacid, but returns with sometimes greater intensity. The pain may cause the patient to awaken suddenly in the middle of the night. Other symptoms may include nausea, frequent belching, blood in the stool, black stool, recurrent vomiting and anemia.

Since there are potentially serious complications from ulcers, it is important to seek medical attention when symptoms present themselves. Persistent bleeding can cause weakness and fatigue as well as anemia. An ulcer may perforate, or eat through, the wall of the stomach or intestine, releasing partially digested food and bacteria into the abdominal cavity.

This could cause peritonitis, an infection requiring prompt medical attention. Ulcers can also cause swelling and scar tissue to form, especially at the end of the stomach where the duodenum is attached. This can cause a narrowing or a complete obstruction at that point which will inhibit or stop the passage of food into the intestinal tract.

Diagnosing

An upper GI series, or barium swallow, is used to diagnose an ulcer. The barium, a chalky liquid, coats the inside of the upper digestive organs which will show the health of those organs on an x-ray. An endoscopic examination will allow the physician to see the extent of the ulcer damage. It also allows for the removal of tissue for biopsy examination. Detecting the H. pylori bacteria is done through blood, breath and stomach tissue tests. It is important for the physician to determine whether this bacterium is present or whether the ulcer has been caused by NSAID drugs as the treatment regimen will be quite different in each case.

People with ulcers should not smoke, as smoking causes delays in the healing process and also causes them to recur. For H. pylori caused ulcers, doctors will prescribe antibiotic medications to kill the bacteria. In addition, antacids, acid blockers, and proton pump inhibitors may be utilized to help reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach.

Ulcers that do not heal are called refractory ulcers. Many of the reasons that ulcers fail to heal are often related to the choices that patients make. They may continue smoking or consuming alcohol. They may be taking NSAIDS after being told not to take them. They may not be taking their medications according to the directions given them by their doctor.

There are, however, medical reasons that ulcers do not respond favorably to treatment regimens. Some strains of the H. pylori bacteria are resistant to certain antibiotics. It is also possible that another bacterium is present. The patient may have stomach cancer, cirrhosis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease which are interfering with the healing process.

Surgery for Ulcers

Infrequently, ulcers that do not heal or respond to conventional treatment may require surgery. There are three types of surgery that may be performed. The first is called a vagotomy. The vagus nerve sends and receives messages from the brain which causes the stomach to produce acid. During a vagotomy, parts of this nerve are severed, interrupting messages sent through it and thus reducing acid production and secretion. A pyloroplasty is often performed along with the vagotomy procedure.

The pylorus is the opening between the stomach and duodenum. During this surgery, the pylorus is enlarged, allowing food from the stomach to pass more freely into the small intestine. An antrectomy is the removal of the lower part of the stomach. This area of the stomach produces a hormone which stimulates secretion of digestive juices. This procedure is also often performed in conjunction with a vagotomy.

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Acne scarring, as with any other scarring, is the result of a wound in our skin. The problem of acne scarring begins first with having acne. Acne begins with our skin producing natural oil in the subaceous gland. Bacteria causing acne metabolizes this oil, which then irritates the skin. When the skin is irritated by the oil, hair follicles become plugged and collect debris.

The debris burrows into the deeper layer of skin called the dermis. The debris is seen by the body as a foreign substance and the body tries to get rid of the foreign substance through an inflammatory response. This is when you see the acne pimple.

The body struggles to rid itself of the foreign substance, the debris, with the inflammatory response, which results in a wound in the skin, which then develops into a scar when the body produces excess collagen to repair the damage to the skin.

Although acne scars are the result of a wound, like any other scar, they are also different than other scars in that they are depressed within the skin, rather than on the surface of the skin as most other scars. There are four different types of acne scars: ice pick scars; rolling scars; boxcar scars; and hypertrophic/keloid scars.

Ice Pick Scars

• Deep, narrow scars
• Form pits in the skin
• Most common

Rolling Scars

• Wave-like appearance on surface of skin
• Wide and shallow depth

Boxcar Scars

• Angular, well defined edges
• Most often found on temples or cheeks
• Similar in appearance to chickenpox scars

Hypertrophic Scars

• Raised scars in the same place as the original acne wound
• Reduce in size over time

Keloid Scars

• Overgrowths of tissue
• Expand beyond original size of acne wound
• Rubbery and firm to the touch
• Often itchy

Acne Scarring Risk Factors

Family history is the most important risk factor regarding acne scarring, as genetics influence how easily an individual scars. If an individual scars easily, they are at greater risk for developing acne scars after breaking out with acne. Since severe acne results in a greater risk for developing acne scars, those with a family history of severe acne may be at higher risk as well.

Prevention of Acne Scars

The only way to prevent acne scars entirely is to prevent acne. While a family history of acne, which leads to a higher chance of developing acne, cannot be changed, there are other factors that influence the occurrence of acne that can be managed to reduce the appearance of acne.

The environment individuals are subjected to plays a role in acne development. Dirt, dust and pollutants in the environment can clog pores and increases the occurrence of acne if not properly cleansed. To prevent acne from occurring when environmental risk factors are high, cleansing twice a day with a gentle cleanser is imperative.

A healthy diet is extremely important to overall health. Drinking plenty of water is particularly important to skin health, as adequate hydration helps to flush toxins from the body. Therefore, in order to prevent acne, and thus prevent acne scars, a healthy diet that includes 6 -8 cups of water per day is extremely important.

When acne has already developed, there are still steps that can be taken to help prevent acne scars. Early intervention is one way to help reduce the likelihood of acne scarring. Intervention can include over the counter remedies, such as topical creams and cleansers specifically designed for the treatment of acne, or prescription medications that are more potent than those available over the counter.

If acne appears severe or persistent, the advice of a dermatologist should be sought. It is important that while acne is being treated, do not squeeze the pimples that have formed. Popping the pimple only results in spreading of the infection and often causes an open wound that is almost certain to form some type of scar.

Treatment of Acne Scars

If acne scars have already formed, all is not lost. There are now effective treatments for acne scars, and though they cannot cure the scars entirely, they can reduce the appearance and severity of the scarring. Treatments for acne scars includes: over the counter medications; prescription medication; laser treatment; dermal fillers; surgical options; punch excision and punch elevation; chemical peels; microdermabrasion; and home remedies and treatments.

Over the Counter Medications

There are many over the counter medications that can help to treat acne scarring. These are generally topical products and contain Retin-A and alpha hydroxy acid. The presence of Retin-A and alpha hydroxyl improves acne and also stimulates new collagen formation. New collagen formation improves the appearance of acne scars by helping to fill in the scar that is within the skin, rather than on the surface of the skin. In addition to topical treatments containing Retin-A and alpha hydroxyl acid, the use of sunscreen is also important.

Sunscreen helps prevent further damage to the skin from the sun, and is especially important as the skin is healing from acne. Sunscreen is also important when using topical treatments that contain Retin-A and alpha hydroxy acid, as these ingredients can cause increased sensitivity to UV rays.

Prescription Medication

Prescription medication for acne scarring is generally similar to over the counter medications and treatments. However, medications available by prescription are usually more potent and typically more effective than the over the counter topical treatments. These treatments, containing Retin-A, alpha hydroxy acid, or glycolic acids, can help remove superficial layers of the skin in order to improve skin texture. If severe acne scarring is present, seeking the advice of a dermatologist in order to obtain prescription medications may be the best option.

Laser Treatment

Laser treatment is perhaps the most effective form of treatment for acne scarring. In recent years laser technology has improved greatly, making them more effective and safe than ever. The two main categories of laser treatment are ablative and non-ablative. Ablative laser treatment, or skin resurfacing, removes outer layers of skin and burns away the scar tissue, encouraging collagen in the dermis to tighten and thus decrease the appearance of scars. Conversely, non-ablative laser treatment does not involve injury to the skin. There are many different types of non-ablative lasers available for treatment of acne scars, including the Pulse-Dye Laser, and fractionated lasers.

Non-ablative lasers are generally more accepted as treatment for acne scarring and skin rejuvenation. While ablative laser treatment may help to resurface skin, it also carries a lot of risks. Increased inflammation is noted with the use of ablative laser therapy, and there is a risk of permanent skin whitening.

In addition, while the results from ablative laser therapy used to treat wrinkles are generally significant, the results are not as impressive when treating acne scars. Non-ablative lasers, however, are highly effective in the treatment of acne scars and have quicker recovery times than ablative laser therapy.

Non-Ablative Laser Treatment

Pulse Dyed Laser

• Removes redness of acne scars
• Helps treat keloid scars, flattening and controlling itch
• Topical anesthetic applied prior to procedure
• Treatment sessions last approximately 1 hour
• Repeat sessions every 3 months as needed

Fractioned Lasers

Affirm Laser

• Helps in skin rejuvenation
• Decreases appearance of brown spots, acne scars, and facial veins
• Treatment sessions last approximately 20 minutes
• Repeat sessions as needed

Fraxel Laser

• Improves texture and tone of skin
• Reduces brown spots
• Smoothes wrinkles
• Significantly improves acne scars
• Small injuries, the diameter of a hair shaft, are created by the laser, leaving untreated skin between the injuries, which heals the small injuries by replacing with healthy tissue
• Fraction of skin treated per session
• May be repeated up to 5 times, over a 3 – 5 week period as needed
• Anesthetic cream applied prior to session
• Moderate pain level during procedure
• Pain level similar to that of a sunburn following the procedure
• 2 – 7 day recovery time
• 20% – 70% improvement in acne scarring

Side Effects

• Discoloration of skin (less than 1% chance)
• Texture change, bump or depression in skin (less than 1% chance)
• Infection or cold sore leading to prolonged healing and scarring (rare)
• Formation of small blister
• Redness and swelling

Dermal Fillers

Dermal fillers are injected into the skin in order to push up the acne scar, resulting in decreased appearance of the scar and smoother skin. The patient’s own fat can be used as filler, or synthetic materials can be used. Dermal fillers are most effective on shallow, saucer shaped scars, and are not effective on deep acne scars. The results of dermal fillers are not permanent. Dermal fillers must be repeatedly injected into the same area every 3 – 6 months.

Surgical Options

Subcision

A surgical option, called subcision, is when a dermatologist uses a tiny scalpel or needle to cut beneath the acne scar. This breaks the fibrous bands of scar tissue that creates tension within the skin, and results in depressed acne scars. Cutting the fibrous bands reduces tension and promotes new collagen formation. This procedure is generally repeated monthly. Though relatively safe, subcision may cause pain, bruising and swelling, as well as persistent bumps at the treatment site.

Punch Excision & Elevation

Punch excision and elevation are techniques generally used for deep acne scarring. These techniques involve removing the tissue that contains the scarring and either suturing or replacing the remaining tissue. There are three punch techniques, which include:

Punch Excision

• Biopsy tool is used to remove the scar and its surrounding edges
• Skin is sutured together to heal
• Scar formed from procedure fades after treatment

Punch Excision with Skin Grafting

• Biopsy tool is used to remove the scar and its surrounding edges
• Wound is filled with graft of patient’s own skin

Punch Elevation

• Used on deeper boxcar scars
• Biopsy tool is used to remove the scar and its surrounding edges
• Scar tissue is elevated and reattached, thus diminishing depth of scar and minimizing chance of discoloration from different skin being grafted in its place

Side Effects of Surgical Problems

• Risk of infection
• Redness, swelling

Chemical Peels

Chemical peels involve applying a chemical solution to the skin. This solution is left on the skin for a certain amount of time in order to dissolve tissue cells and encourage the growth of new tissue. The dead cells are removed to show new skin cells beneath, thus improving the look and texture of skin. Some chemical appeals are appropriate for treating shallow acne scars. However, chemical peels are generally ineffective against deep acne scars.

Microdermabrasion

Microdermabrasion removes the dead layer of protective skin cells on the surface of the skin in order to improve the texture of skin, as well as reduce areas of dark pigmentation. While microdermabrasion is successful in removing minor effects of acne, such as darker pigmentation, it is not effective at treating true acne scars.

Home Remedies & Natural Treatment

In addition to medical procedures, prescription medications, and over the counter medications, there are many home remedies and natural treatments believed to treat acne and acne scars. The following are treatments requiring little more than a trip into the kitchen or to a local naturopathic grocery store:

• Paste of sandalwood powder and black gram dal applied to the affected area overnight and washed off with cold water the next day
• Paste of sandalwood and rose water applied to scars, kept on overnight and washed off with cold water the next day (may add milk to moisturize and prevent skin dryness)
• Lemon juice applied to affected area for 10 – 15 minutes reduces dark pigmentation associated with scarring
• Honey, warmed and applied to scars for 10-15 minutes, then washed off with cold water
• Aloe Vera applied to scars

Whether opting for natural remedies or seeking the advice and treatment of a medical doctor, acne and acne scars can be effectively treated. It is important to remember that, as with all issues relating to health, a healthy diet and exercise is essential to overall wellbeing. In the case of acne scars, drinking plenty of water is of the upmost importance and will help to prevent acne and aid in the beauty of skin in general.