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Chafing is a very common problem that touches almost all people. Chances are that nearly everybody is familiar with what chafing is and has experienced it at some point in life. Though it is very annoying to have to deal with chafing, it is more of a discomfort than a serious medical problem in most cases. It is relatively simple to prevent chafing and even easy to remedy once it has become a problem. It is very rare that chafing seriously harms anyone.

By definition, chafing is almost more of a symptom of other problems than it is its own medical dilemma. It is a symptom of diaper rash, jock itch, and many other rashes. However, chafing is a problem in and of its own right for many people, and is not as severe as the rashes and conditions it is a symptom of. Chafing is the rubbing of the skin against something (clothing, other skin, etc.) in such a way as to cause friction. This action wears down on our outer-most protective layer of skin and it becomes sore and irritated as a result. Luckily, this is as easy to prevent as it sounds!

Symptoms

Symptoms of chafing may include skin that has turned pink or even red in more severe cases. Chafing usually becomes suddenly apparent to those affected via a burning sensation or stinging around the chafed area. The skin that has been subject to chafing will very likely be flakey and worn thin at the least and worn off entirely in the worst cases.

Causes

The cause of chafing is easy to understand. Basically, any kind of rubbing against the skin can irritate it and thus create chafing. This means there are many different things that can lead to chafing.

Literally any activity that calls for constant skin-on-skin rubbing can cause chafing. The same goes for any activity that causes the skin to rub against an object or repeatedly be rubbed by the fabric of clothing. The possibility for and severity of chafing only becomes worse when moisture is added.

Risk Factors

Those who are most obviously at risk for chafing are the highly physically active and the overweight, two groups who would normally have not much in common. In the case of athletes, any kind of poor fit in uniform can cause the skin to rub against the fabric of the uniform and cause chafing. As mentioned before, introducing moisture to the equation only intensifies chafing and makes it worse. Athletes tend to work out quite a bit and sweat profusely while doing so.

In overweight and obese people, skin often rubs against other skin in situations where people of average weight would not have to worry about this. The most common example of this is the fact that overweight people have much more thigh-on-thigh contact and thus rubbing and friction than does an average person. Though this is more prevalent in those who are overweight, it can happen to anybody.

Overweight Risk Factors

Overweight people tend to become hot more quickly than smaller people and thus they sweat more easily. Athletes expect that they will produce large quantities of sweat and do so often, but it is impossible to predict when an overweight person might unexpectedly sweat and create an uncomfortable rubbing that can only be alleviated by changing clothes. If this happens while the overweight person is busy with work, school, or any number of other things that could prevent him/her from changing clothes, s/he could be stuck with sweaty areas that are primed to cause some painful chafing throughout the day. Ouch!

Where Chafing Occurs

Common areas for chafing include the thighs, under arms, and breast area. In the thighs and crotch region, the chafing can occur because of thighs rubbing against one another or because of fabric rubbing against the upper inner thigh. This rubbing is caused by the person in question moving. Running, walking, peddling, etc. are all things that could cause thigh or crotch region chafing.

The same goes for the under arms. This area is so common because of the fact that so many activities require bodily movements that might cause chafing of the under arms. This happens when the inner arms rub against the sides of the chest. Physical exercises such as lifting weights, rowing, and repetitive aerobics can cause chafing, but there are many every-day activities that are repetitive in nature and can also chafe this area. Even an average desk job will have people reaching for papers often and passing things around!

Chafing around the area of the breasts is a problem for women especially though it is not limited to just women. The breasts themselves can rub against the skin of the chest and cause painful chafing if a proper bra is not worn, but wearing ill-fitted bras can cause chafing as well! The fact is that with such a huge range of activities that can cause skin to rub against other skin or against something else, it is a safe bet to say that any person who regularly moves around is at risk for chafing.

When To Visit The Doctor

In all reality, most chafing will never require any more than some tender loving care and rest time. However, chafing can be dangerous if it is not handled correctly. Chafing can end up being so severe that the skin becomes entirely rubbed away and what remains oozes blood and can become easily infected. Because chafing is so easy to handle and prevent, this should almost never happen, but it should not be taken lightly in cases where it does.

It is recommended that in cases where the rubbing, friction, or other cause of chafing is stopped and the chafed area does not improve within two days, medical help should be sought. The primary reason for this is that if there is no improvement, it is highly likely that the chafing has developed into something more than simply a skin irritation. The most common development is a fungal infection within the chafed area of skin. In reality this makes sense, as fungi thrive in moist and unclean areas such as those provided by athletes’ uniforms if they are not very thoroughly cleaned on a regular basis and kept clean.

Damaging Skin

Chafing erodes away the outer layer of skin that is vital to protecting a person’s skin (the largest organ in the body!) from harm. If the chafed area is not kept clean, a fungal infection could very easily occur. This is not cause for extreme alarm but it will take specific medicines to clear up and so should be discussed with a doctor. Be careful when trying to self-assess that the cause for persistently chafed skin is fungal; doing so can help a person be more frugal and avoid unnecessary medical costs, but if a fungal infection is not the reason for the lack of recovery, the medicines used to treat it could further irritate the chafing and create more problems.

Preparing For Appointment

If two to three days have passed and the chafing is not improving or is worsening, it is a good idea to make an appointment with a doctor and have it looked at. Mayo Clinic support staff have the following tips to help you prepare for the appointment. First, write down symptoms.

Being able to provide the doctor with a written report of what developments have happened and how long symptoms have persisted will ensure that neither one of you forgets anything potentially vital. Included in this written report should be any key personal information that relates to the chafing injury such as required movements that make it worse, anything that stresses it, etc.

With any doctor’s visit, a list of medical information should be made. Doctors always need to know what other medications or conditions their patients might be dealing with so that they do not prescribe treatments which interfere with them. It is very important that no key details are left off of the list. In addition to this, a list of questions can be written down so that no question is forgotten. For most people, getting an appointment with the doctor is not an immediate thing. There is a wait time between the request and the actual visitation. In this wait time, there are things that can be done to at least stop further chafing and possibly soothe the currently chafed area.

Treatments & Drugs

There are many very useful and effective over the counter medications for treating chafing and the fungal infections that can plague those who suffer from chafing. Chafed skin in and of itself is a very simple problem to solve. The first step is always to stop the chafing immediately. Whatever it is that is rubbing against the skin should be fixed so that it does not do so any longer. This will prevent further damage.

Basic Treatment

After the cause of the chafing is identified and stopped, the chafed area should be cleaned thoroughly by washing with a gentle anti-bacterial soap and a soft wash cloth. It is important to pick a gentle soap and use a soft washcloth because more stringent soaps and rougher washcloths can further irritate the chafing, which is the direct opposite of what should be achieved.

The next step is to cover the chafed area with gauze. Gauze is chosen because of its airy nature; it lets the chafed area get much-needed oxygen while minimizing contact between it and fabric or other objects. Gauze also tends to stay put more easily than other fabrics that could be used to cover the chafing, but it can be too loosely or tightly applied just as any other cover could, and in this case it could chafe the already damaged skin further. In order to prevent this, the person covering the chafed area should refrain from letting it come into contact with anything as much as possible.

This basic form of care should vastly improve most cases of chafing and the chafed skin will be fully healed or well on its way to it within a few days. If this is not the case, a trip to the doctor will usually identify a fungal infection as the cause for the continued symptoms. Fungal infections are very common and are not at all something to be extremely concerned about. In fact, most doctors will simply identify the infection and recommend an over the counter fungal treatment option. It is rare that prescription-strength medicines are needed to cure a fungal infection of any sort.

Dermatophyte Infections

“Dermatophyte infections” is the medical term that covers fungal infections. Three different fungi comprise the group of dermatophytes responsible for much skin disease in humans and animals. There are many different over the counter remedies for dermatophyte infections. Three of the most popular names in fungal infection treatment are Lamisil, Tinactin, and Lotrimin. All three are very powerful anti-fungal treatments but they have different active ingredients and work in different ways.

Lamisil’s main ingredient is terbinafine. Terbinafine is used to treat fungal infections of all sorts but is often specifically used against dermatophytes because it is especially effective against them.

Lamisil is available in tablet form (250 mg tablets) and in cream form. The cream version is an over the counter remedy while the tablet requires a doctor’s prescription to obtain. Overall, terbinafine is said to be quite a safe drug with very few side effects that arise only occasionally. These include the basic nausea, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, and loss of appetite. It is also non-volatile and does not enhance other medications or react badly with most of them.

Tinactin

Tinactin’s main ingredient is tolnaftate. It actually works much the same way as Lamisil. Both medicines work by blocking enzymes that allow the fungal intruders to grow and reproduce on the skin. Tolnaftate blocks a different enzyme than does terbinafine and is generally stated to be less effective but only by a slight margin.

Lotrimin uses clotrimazole as its main ingredient. Clotrimazole is known to alter the reactions of other drugs and is highly reactive with many. The effect could be that a particular drug is inhibited because of the use of Lotrimin, or compounded.

In addition to this, the side effects of Lotrimin are listed as irritation of the application area and potential redness and itchiness. If a patient is considering using an over the counter anti-fungal cream to treat chafing, it is important to be sure that no other medications (even those such as vitamins) are being taken simultaneously.

Alternative Medicines

There are a large number of alternative means of treating chafing. These will probably be what most people turn to, as chafing does not usually require advanced medical treatment. The first is to use Vaseline on areas that are chafed or in danger of chafing. Once a thin layer of Vaseline is in place to protect the chafing from infection, a layer of talcum powder can be applied over the top. Talcum powder sticks to the Vaseline and keeps it from sticking to clothing and also reduces friction. Cornstarch powder would also work, as would Noxema for applying directly to the skin.

Many people have recommended home-made pastes that will help cure current chafing and protect the skin from further chafing without having to stop activities entirely that may have caused it. One such remedy is zinc oxide paste. Applying this to areas that tend to chafe or are chafed will protect them from chafing and the paste itself does not easily come off so it will not stick to clothing. In order to wash it off, a washcloth soaked with olive oil must be used.

Homemade Lubricants

Another idea is a homemade lubricant made out of Vitamins A and D oil mixed with Vaseline, aloe, and Vitamin E cream. The Vaseline and aloe will soothe chafed skin and the vitamins help build the skin to prevent future chafing. Calendula oil is another popular natural choice. The oil is naturally anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory and so is a prime choice to help heal chafing and keep skin from becoming more irritated. It is easily cleaned off with water and should be applied just after showering.

Prevention

Chafing is largely a preventable problem and there are many things that can be done to protect skin so that it never happens. The first is to stay hydrated. Dehydrated skin is dry and dry skin chafes much more easily. The second major tip is to make sure to wear clothing that is well-fitted without being either tight or loose.

Many people recommend looser clothing not realizing that having too much extra fabric can cause chafing just as surely as having not enough. Clothes should be neither very tight or very loose if it can at all be helped. Wearing clothing made up of natural fibers and cotton can also help, as they allow the skin to get oxygen and breathe more than do synthetics such as nylon. Regularly taking Vitamins A and C can be of help too, as A builds stronger skin and C helps prevent skin from damage.

Overall, treatment and prevention of chafing is very affordable and easy. There is no reason for people to suffer from the pain and discomfort of chafing, and taking proper steps to ensure this will lead to a chafe-free life.

About Phlegm

Phlegm is a word that everybody has heard of before, and it is a condition nearly everybody has had to deal with before, at some point in life. It is a viscous liquid mammalians secrete by way of the mucous membranes. However, phlegm itself, and its definition, is specifically limited to the mucus that is produced within the respiratory system, except for those that are found in the nasal passages, and especially that which is sputum, which is what is expelled by way of coughing.

In essence, phlegm is a gel based on water, and it consists of lipids, immunoglobulins, glycoproteins, as well as a few other substances. What each expelled instance of phlegm actually consists of will vary, depending on other factors, such as the condition of the immune system, the genetics of the person in question and what the climate is like outside. In terms of color, phlegm is known to range between a transparent state to that of a pale yellow and green.

Phlegm is known to carry the larvae of several kinds of intestinal parasites, such as hookworm. When phlegm comes out bloody, it may signify a much more serious illness that requires medical attention, such as tuberculosis.

However, it is also often a fairly benign symptom of an illness that is much more minor, such as bronchitis. In the case of the latter, the phlegm will usually have a light streaking of blood. When the amount of blood coughed up is a significant quality, it will require immediate medical attention because this is always a signal of something much more serious.

Symptoms

When a person coughs up a water based gel like substance, of which the color may vary, this is phlegm. Phlegm in itself is a symptom, of which many conditions cite it as one. Some conditions that may cite phlegm as a symptom as a signal of its presence include some of the following:

Allergies

Allergies occur when an immune system overreacts to a certain kind of substance or other kind of allergen. Also known as allergic reactions, this condition is very common, and several kinds of allergies exist. Some of these allergies may include respiratory allergies, food allergies or skin allergies, possibly resulting in cases of contact dermatitis or eczema.

Several special cells make up the immune system of a person, and these cells travel throughout the body so that a person is able to defend against foreign agents that do not belong, such as bacteria and viruses. When a person is prone to allergies, and comes across their allergen, their immune system will react overzealously when they swallow, inhale or touch the allergen, such as dust or pollen. The end result is the system releasing histamine, which causes inflammation, swelling, itching and phlegm.

Nearly any substance is capable of causing allergies, provided the person is sensitive to it. Many people who have allergies are sensitive to more than one substance. The more common allergies that people have include those to mold spores, pollen, animal dander, dust, cockroach droppings, bee stings or dust mite droppings. Other possible allergies might include those to certain plants, certain foods, such as milk or eggs, certain medications, such as penicillin or aspirin, or to chemicals or other substances, such as latex.

Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is a disease which causes damage to occur in the airways, which, in turn, causes them to become scarred, flabby and to widen. The airways are the tubes that are responsible for transporting the air in and out of the lungs. Usually, this condition is due to an infection that ends up injuring the walls in the airways or preventing it from clearing mucus.
Bronchiectasis is known to lead to serious conditions, such as atelectasis, respiratory failure and heart failure. Symptoms for this disease include:

• Bad breath;
• Paroxysmal coughing;
• Coughing foul smelling phlegm;
• Coughing yellow or green phlegm;
• Shortness of breath;
• Fatigue;
• Wheezing;
• Anemia;
• Morning cough;
• Chronic cough; and
• Coughing blood.

Chronic Bronchitis

This condition is an ongoing and progressive disease that embeds itself into the lower respiratory tract within the lungs, and it is a type of COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Its hallmark is its constant wet, loose cough, which produces a rather excessive instance of phlegm. Smokers are at a high risk of developing this at some point in their lifetime.

This disease is a seriously disabling one, and it has the potential of causing major complications, in additional to being potentially fatal. This is especially the case when it is paired alongside with emphysema, which is another very serious form of COPD. COPD is a major cause of disability around the world, and it is the fourth among a list of leading causes of deaths in the United States.

Nicotine Addiction

Nicotine addiction occurs in smokers. Its symptoms include:

• Increased heart rate;
• High blood pressure;
• Weight loss;
• The inability to stop smoking;
• Feeling withdrawal while attempting to quit smoking;
• Strongly craving products with nicotine;
• Avoiding activities where unable to smoke;
• Persistent cough; and
• Increased tolerance to the effects of nicotine.

Rhinitis

Rhinitis is when a person experiences inflammation of the mucous membranes found within the nostrils. Its symptoms include:

• Runny nose;
• Blocked nose;
• Nasal congestion;
• Catarrh;
• Sneezing;
• Nasal secretion crusting; and
• Sinusitis;

The symptoms of vasomotor rhinitis may include:

• A recurring inflammation of the nasal passage;
• Swelling of the nasal membrane;
• Sneezing; and
• A profuse nasal discharge that is watery.

Sinusitis

Also referred to as a sinus infection, sinusitis occurs when the air filled spaced that of which are found within the bones located around and in the nose become infected. These air filled spaces are known as paranasal sinuses. When they become infected, they will become inflamed. What this results in is the mucus membranes lining the sinuses swelling, and this swelling is what causes that familiar pain and pressure around and in the cheekbones and eyes.

This is a common condition that usually stems from a bacterial infection, a viral infection or, though rarely, a fungal infection. There are certain behaviors, injuries and conditions that make a person more susceptible to developing a sinus infection, which includes hay fever, smoking, trauma to the nose, allergic rhinitis, tooth abscess, as well as exposing the depths of the nose to viruses, funguses or bacteria by way of certain activities like picking the nose.

A sinus infection occurs when the immune system within the body is not able to stop any foreign and harmful fungi, bacteria or virus which have made their way into the sinuses and when the immune system cannot stop them from reproducing. The end result is the sinuses becoming inflamed, and it also results in the symptoms, such as a thick greenish mucus becoming discharged out of the nose, in addition to the facial pressure and pain that hallmarks the condition. Other more severe complications may occur, claiming the brain as a potential source of attack. Symptoms include:

• Coughing;
• Sneezing;
• Tiredness;
• Aches;
• Severe headache;
• Runny nose;
• Morning headache;
• Sinus pain;
• Tenderness at sinus region;
• Watering eyes;
• Fever;
• Weakness;
• Tiredness;
• Cough;
• Runny nose;
• Nasal congestion;
• Green nasal discharge;
• Postnasal drip;
• Sore throat; and
• Disturbed sleep.

Causes

There are several reasons which may result in phlegm:

• Allergies;
• Bronchiectasis;
• Chronic bronchitis;
• Chronic rhinitis;
• Cystic fibrosis;
• Hay fever;
• Hemoptysis;
• Nasal polyp;
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma;
• Nicotine addiction;
• Postnasal drip;
• Rhinitis;
• Sinusitis; and
• Vasomotor rhinitis.

Risk Factors

Those who smoke are at a very high risk for developing phlegm, as well as those who have recurrent lung infections.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for phlegm will ultimately depend on what is causing the condition.

Smoking

The obvious treatment to stopping phlegm that arises due to smoking is to quit the habit. It is common enough for people to contract bronchial and lung infections, but they are far more likely in those who smoke on a regular basis.

If a smoker begins to cough up a greyish or a brown tinted phlegm, it is the body’s way of trying to tell them that they are taking the smoking way too far. Quit immediately before the phlegm begins to become streaked with blood, which will only preclude the inevitable diagnosis of lung cancer.

Sinus Infection

Those who are suffering from a sinus infection, influenza or a cold will find solace in a decongestant or a nasal spray. Even though postnasal drip may not necessarily be considered phlegm since it is the mucous produced by the glands that are present within the nasal cavities, it is nonetheless the most likely reason behind chest congestion. Therefore, consider taking a decongestant, such as Claritin, Sudafed or Zyrtec.

Bronchitis

For those who are suffering from a chest cold or some form of bronchitis, it is possible to take an expectorant in order to loosen up the buildup of phlegm. This is not similar to a cough suppressant, because an expectorant cough medicine intends to loosen up the phlegm in the throat and to cause cough, which is also known as a productive cough because it is productive for those who have an infection the bronchial tubes or lungs, or those who are dealing with chest congestion. A couple of common over the counter expectorants include Robitussin and Mucinex.

For those who wish to be rid of phlegm, they should refrain from taking any kind of throat lozenges or cough suppressants. Unless the cough medicine is explicitly labeled to be an expectorant, it will probably only make the problem of phlegm worse. When taking a medication that intends to suppress coughs or to numb the pain that a cough brings on, this usually results in allowing more phlegm and mucous to build up. This is because taking the medication effectively shuts off the parts of the body that are necessary to produce productive coughs.

Prevention

To keep the phlegm from recurring, spit it out after coughing it up rather than swallowing it again. Phlegm is a sticky film that is full of immunoglobulins and glycoproteins that serve to fight against infections, and it is supposed to attach to the linings of the lungs and the bronchial tubes.

In a manner of speaking, once a person begins to cough up their phlegm, it is a sign that the substance has completed its purpose and requires that it be expelled. Instead of swallowing it, spit it into the toilet or into a tissue. Swallowing the phlegm down again may reintroduce it into the pulmonary system again.

Dry, Peeling Skin: Causes, Prevention Tips and Cures

Peeling skin is a fairly common medical affliction that affects millions of people every year, and some are faced with the issue on a long-term basis. Skin may peel or dry skin can occur for a number of reasons and vary greatly in the level of severity. Besides being an annoying and often embarrassing problem, peeling skin can sometimes indicate that serious damage has occurred to the top layers of skin. In more rare cases, it can also indicate serious underlying medical conditions.

The following text is presented for educational and informational purposes only, and is no substitute for a diagnosis by a medical professional. If you are concerned about your skin or are experiencing troubling symptoms, see your doctor.

Here, explore some of the most common causes for peeling skin, and find out ways to both prevent and treat this condition. If the manifestation of skin problems turns out to be just one symptom of a more serious underlying condition, treatment for the related problem will likely help clear up any peeling.

Common Causes of Dry and Peeling Skin

Skin may begin to peel in relation to extreme dryness. In many instances of extreme skin dryness with peeling, sun exposure can be determined to be the main culprit. Sun exposure can cause skin irritation or damage even when sunblock is used.

This lapse in protection can occur when the exposure time is excessive, if the SPF value of the sunblock is less than 30, if the sunblock is not reapplied regularly or in rare cases where a person cannot tolerate any direct sunlight at all.

Sunburn & Heat Exposure

Sunburn is a major cause of sun-related peeling skin. After the initial injury to the top layer of skin cells from intense direct sunlight, the skin cells dry up, die and will eventually peel or slough off. Raw, painful skin may be revealed under the peeling skin if the damage extended beyond the very first layer, also called the epidermis. The “shedding” of old, damaged skin cells from the epidermis is a natural process when the skin is damaged, and may actually be a natural defense mechanism. To protect the body from damaged cells and allow new cells to generate, the old skin must die and fall away.

Heat exposure without sun is another common cause of peeling skin, increased dryness and other skin irritations. Sun and heat exposure can make skin appear red, itchy and feel hot long after the exposure occurs. Skin may blister in response to a severe sunburn or heat burn, and these types of burns should be evaluated by a doctor. After a period of blistering, usually two to five days, the deadened skin will peel away or “shed”.

Chronic Conditions & Chemicals

Certain chronic skin conditions, such as eczemas or types of dermatitis, can also result in peeling skin. Even babies can display scaly, flaking or peeling skin; this affliction is commonly referred to as “cradle cap”, and it is a type of childhood eczema. The condition has a medical name of seborrhoeic dermatitis, which is just a fancy way to describe yellowed, scaly skin that flakes off of an infant’s head. See possible treatments below.

Chemical exposure can also cause dry skin, and this is most evident on the hands of those who work with them on a regular basis. Even frequent hand washing or use of hand sanitizers, which are deemed necessary by most to prevent the spread of germs, are incredibly damaging to skin. This is especially true in people with sensitive skin. Seeking out soap and other products that won’t dry out the hands is a smart solution for those who must wash up more than five to ten times a day on a regular basis.

Fungi

Certain fungi, such as athlete’s foot, ringworm and jock itch, can also cause skin to slough or peel off. Staph infection and eczema also commonly result in the patient experiencing reddened, itchy, peeling or sloughing skin. These conditions should be treated by a doctor with an anti-fungal or antibiotic regimen to clear up the problem. They are unlikely to go away on their own and can turn serious if left untreated.

In many cases where skin irritation occurs without obvious cause, such as fungi, sunburn or other underlying medical conditions, a bit of peeling skin or dry patches may indicate nothing more than a need for a few lifestyle changes. Poor diet, inadequate water consumption, smoking, vitamin deficiencies, excessive alcohol intake, and, ironically, too much exposure to water can all lead to dry skin and other skin problems.

Serious Conditions

Sometimes, though, peeling skin and extreme dryness may be indicative of a much more serious medical condition. Some types of lymphoma and skin cancer will present with a list of symptoms that includes peeling skin, though only a doctor or other trained medical professional can make that determination.

In some rare diseases, such as with Kawasaki disease and peeling skin syndrome, dry skin and peeling can be a typical symptom. These diseases need to be treated and closely monitored by a medical professional.

Solutions For and Prevention of Dry and Peeling Skin

If a serious underlying medical cause can be ruled out, and peeling skin is just a bothersome, nuisance problem, it is likely a condition that can be treated at home. There are many simple ways to help heal damaged skin and actually begin to replenish moisture in skin at home.

Dry skin may be a result of simple dehydration. Getting started on an active regimen of six eight-ounce glasses of water daily for at least two weeks may markedly improve the feel and appearance of the skin. This is an easy and inexpensive way to try and solve problems with dry skin without a trip to the dermatologist.

Maintaining proper hydration is keenly important to the function of all organs of the body, and the skin is the largest organ of all. Furthermore, the skin is the only organ worn on the outside of the body, exposed to all sorts of external toxins and irritants on a regular basis. Air conditioning or incredibly hot weather outdoors in the summer months can cause dry skin, as can turning on the heater in the winter.

Using Moisturizers

Using a good moisturizer will dramatically improve conditions if the skin is already dry and damaged, and help prevent the problem from recurring. For those with sensitive skin, checking the labels of new body products for known irritants in the ingredients list can help them avoid making the problem worse. There are creams and lotions which have collagen and silicone as main ingredients, and these may help improve the condition of dry, chapped, peeling skin on the hands especially.

The Effects of Water

Cold water can help tighten pores and promote healing of skin cells, so turning the water to ‘cool’ toward the end of a shower may help with peeling and dried out skin. blotting skin after showering or swimming, as opposed to rubbing vigorously can help protect skin. Even a bit of olive oil rubbed into the skin once a week can help replenish skin tone, feel and texture, and may reduce itching, peeling and dryness.

Avoid excessively hot water, as well. While an occasional dip in a heated pool or hot tub is fine, taking scalding hot showers every day is not a good idea. Especially in areas with very dry weather, exposure to water of any kind on a daily basis may promote dry skin and peeling. Showering only every other day during a flare-up of dry or itchy skin and limiting the use of body products that may worsen the problem can help the skin’s moisture levels from being stripped each day.

Washing Daily & Oils

Skin produces natural oils, and these oils serve as a protectant as well as a conditioner. For those with overly greasy complexions, these oils may seem like the enemy. For someone with impossibly dry skin, however, the word “oil” is one of the nicest words in the English language. While many people may shudder at the thought of not washing up every single day, our skin wants a break now and then. Not showering doesn’t mean not washing parts that warrant daily washing, and it doesn’t mean not putting on fresh clothes. Especially with the advances of deodorants and perfumes, most people simply do not truly need a daily shower.

Contact a Dermatologist

If the dry skin and peeling is too painful or severe to treat at home, a dermatologist or a family doctor may be able to provide some other options. Some cases of dry, cracking skin are so resistant to less aggressive treatment that powerful steroid-infused ointments and lotions must be used, usually with some good measure of success. Pain medications can also be prescribed to help the patient handle the discomfort of a severe sunburn, chemical burn or heat related burn.

Home Remedies & Creams

At home, those suffering painful sunburns can take over-the-counter anti-inflammatory drugs such as naproxen and acetaminophen, and apply a topical aloe vera gel to the affected areas. Do not apply salves to blistered skin without a doctor’s recommendation.

Medicated steroidal creams, called corticosteroids, can help babies suffering from cradle cap and other types of dermatitis. While these creams have been shown to be effective, many doctors simply recommend washing the hair with baby shampoo and scrubbing the scalp gently with a washcloth every other day. Many doctors and mothers also recommend massaging baby oil into the scalp after washing baby’s hair. Out of baby oil? Try a few drops of olive oil from the pantry or mineral oil from the medicine chest instead.

Though some people may also claim petroleum jelly will help cure dermatitis of the scalp, the greasiness can actually contribute to the problem. If the condition appears to make the child fussy due to itchy or painful eczema, petroleum jelly will provide soothing relief. In cases where the scaly, yellow patches of crusty skin extend beyond the scalp or behind the ears, such as when they may appear on the child’s face, bother the child excessively, or if the condition has been getting worse over time, it is prudent to see a doctor.

When To Worry About Skin Conditions

Whenever skin is burned so badly that it blisters, if there is an unexplained rash that persists for more than a few days or gets worse, when unusual, new growths are noted or when severe pain accompanies any of the aforementioned, it is time to seek immediate medical attention from a qualified professional.

When possible, go to a skin doctor, or dermatologist, for any serious skin concerns, as this is their primary area of expertise. After all, a person wouldn’t go to a foot doctor for a tooth ache. Most general family practitioners are qualified to handle skin conditions, and you may need to visit one initially to satisfy the referral requirements to see a specialist under your medical insurance, but a dermatologist will likely be more up-to-date in the skin care field and in their knowledge of available treatment options.

A dermatologist will also likely be able to diagnose the root cause of any peeling skin from the onset, and this will help promote speedy but accurate treatment. If skin cancer is determined to be the cause of the symptoms, a skilled dermatologist will likely be able to immediately coordinate a treatment plan, and may refer the patient to an oncologist who specializes in the treatment of that particular cancer, if necessary.

Also called pertussis, whooping cough is a severe infection that occurs in the respiratory system from the Bordetella pertussis bacterium, also called B. pertussis. The condition received its name from the main characteristic of the infection which causes a quite severe spell of coughing that is concluded with loud whooping sounds as the person inhales. There was a time when the vaccine was not yet available, in which whooping cough claimed 5,000 to 10,000 people each year in the US. The development of the vaccine provided a treatment that was effective enough to severely decrease the death rate to less than 30, which has began to rise again in the most at risk patients.

Whooping Cough Becoming More Common

It is quite common and occurring more frequently in the most recent years. There are several cases that could occur with the symptoms lasting for about six weeks. There could be prolonged symptoms or short-term, but treatment must be sought out during the first onset of the infection in order for the main antibiotic used to be effective in treatment. If there is not prompt diagnosis or attention paid, the infection could run its entire course only causing minor coughing spells that over-the-counter medications are good for treating.

Whooping cough arrives with several symptoms, progressing with the infection, with various groups at a higher risk than others for getting the infection. Thos with a compromised or developing immune system are typically at a greater chance of developing the condition, in which case there is a slight chance of fatality if the immune system is considerably low.

There is a highly effective preventative measure involving the DTaP vaccine that will protect against infection. As this infection is highly contagious, the necessary safeguards should be in place, especially in school age children that are currently attending school or daycare.

There are also various complications associated with whooping cough which include:

• Pneumonia
• Convulsions
• Mental impairment
• Brain damage
• Apnea
• Death

Whooping cough also presents other severe complications such as a permanent seizure disorder that will afflict the infected causing an epileptic like condition. Nose bleeds and ear infections can also be quite common with bleeding in the brain also possible. There is a lack of oxygen that occurs during a spell or from a complication which is the cause of any brain damage or mental retardation.

With children being so susceptible to the infection, it is important to contact a doctor if there are any symptoms that resemble pertussis. Emergency should be contacted if there are symptoms of:

• Bluish tint to the skin
• Apnea, or periods of stopping breathing
• Seizures
• High fever
• Vomiting
• Dehydration

These symptoms could be an indication that there is a serious complication that requires immediate attention.
Infants are the most susceptible and most in danger in the event of the pertussis infection, therefore will require much more care and monitoring than adolescents and adults.

Many times, whooping cough can carry out its course and leave no effects other than the coughing which can be relieved through the use of cough suppressants and various home remedies that provide a better and more suitable environment for treatment of whooping cough.

Symptoms

Once there has been exposure to the bacteria, it will take about a week for the initial symptoms to present. These symptoms are very similar to a simple cold that will continue to progress. Typically, 10-12 days after the initial symptoms arrive there will be severe coughing spells that will end in a whooping noise when seen in children. The sound is the result of attempting to inhale and is rare in adults and children under six months.

When coughing spells begin, they may be followed by severe persistent vomiting and even possibly unconsciousness.

When vomiting accompanies coughing, this is a big indicator that there is pertussis present. Infants can have choking spells as a common symptom of the condition. There are other symptoms as well including cold and flu like symptoms such as a runny nose, a fever up to 102 degree Fahrenheit, and even diarrhea. These accompany the initial symptoms and can lead to a wrong diagnosis of the flu or a minor cold.

Many times in adults, the condition remains as a dry and persistent cough that could cause:

• Thick phlegm
• Vomiting
• Reddish or bluish face from lack of oxygen
• Extreme fatigue

Adults and adolescents don’t typically experience the characteristic whoop and will likely just experience progressive coughing spells. In some cases, apnea or pneumonia could develop, especially in the case of a compromised immune system due to other diseases or infections.

Causes

The bacterium Bordetella pertussis, also known as Bordetella parapertussis or B. pertussis, is a highly contagious bacterium that causes the upper respiratory infection, pertussis, or whooping cough. This is a very serious disease that has been seen in infants to cause permanent disabilities, including brain damage, and can even be fatal.

The disease is interpersonal, spreading from person to person as the infected cough into the air and the uninfected inhale the bacteria. The bacteria travel through the air in tiny droplets, seeking a new host to infect. The infection generally lasts up to six weeks, but could be more or less depending on the patient.

Once the bacteria have entered the airways, it will begin to multiply, producing toxins that inhibit the respiratory tract’s ability to rid the germs that try to invade. Thick mucus begins to accumulate within the airways, causing the coughing spells and whooping sound as children try to inhale. As the airways are narrow, the whooping is the effect of a gasp of air seeking travel through a tube in the lungs that has been severely narrowed. In some cases, this gasping goes on to cause choking or even unconsciousness.

Risk Factors

Since infants’ immune systems are still in development, they are not able to fight off infections as well as adolescents and adults. Typically, those six months and younger are the most at risk as the resistance to the disease doesn’t generally build enough strength until at least three doses of the vaccination have been administered.

As whooping cough cases have been on the increase, it is now thought that the vaccination effects will begin to wear off through time, leaving teenagers and adults more susceptible in the case of an outbreak of pertussis, which seems to be occurring often and regularly.

Aged adults are also susceptible as their immune systems are not as strong as they used to be and in many times are compromised due to other health conditions. This increases the risk during an outbreak. Any individual who has not received the vaccination is also at great risk of contracting the infection.

Prevention Tips

The most common and effective, as well as the main and most necessary prevention against whooping cough are the pertussis vaccine, which is administered in the DTaP imunization given to children. The immunization consists of diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccines that are given in five doses routinely in most children before the age of six. It is now recommended that for added protection after the vaccine has begun to wear off, children 11-18 receive the new Tdap vaccine. The recommended age is between 11 and 12, and the Tdap replaces the traditional Td booster.

With whooping cough being so contagious, it is best to avoid public areas during an outbreak if the vaccine hasn’t been administered. It has been shown that up to 80% of family members that haven’t been immunized will develop the infection when in the same house as an infected person.

If exposure to an exposed family member or other individual occurs, it is imperitive to seek a booster dose for children that haven’t received all five doses, and antibiotics in adults to avoid spread of the disease.

The vaccine does have side effects that include fever, irritability, and soreness around the injection site. There can be more severe side effects in more serious and rare cases including:

• Persistent crying spells that last over three hours
• High fever
• Seizures, shock, or coma

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Diagnosis typically begins with evaluation of the symptoms; however this can sometimes be difficult when the symptoms aren’t as obvious. There are some cases in infants when the symptoms can be from pneumonia, leading to more testing needed beyond symptoms checking. It is more often easier to diagnose in children from evaluation of the symptoms due to the whooping sound that accompanies the cough.

There is usually a sample taken of the mucus secreted from the nasal passage, which is sent to the lab and tested for the B. pertussis bacteria. This is a time-consuming test, which causes many treatments to already be started before results are shown.

There are blood tests used to diagnose the disease by showing an elevated white blood cell count indicating an infection is present. There are some patients that will show a complete blood count with high numbers of lymphocytes present. There may also be a throat culture taken in order to test at the lab for the bacteria.

In some cases a chest X-ray is used for the physician to look for any type of inflammation or fluid present in the lungs. This is a sign of pneumonia which could complicate the pertussis and create a higher fatality risk. This is a worst case scenario for children as they are often unable to fight off both conditions at once.

Treatment Options

The actual treatment taken to rid whooping cough is determinant upon the patient including information such as:

• Health and medical history
• Severity of the condition
• Tolerance for medications, procedures, and various therapies
• Expectations of the course of the infection
• Patient preference

The most acute infections when caught in the later stages may only require minimal treatment, which typically consists of cough and respiratory relief.

The actual treatment of whooping cough greatly depends on the patient. Infants are more likely to receive hospital care for treatment as the disease is much more dangerous in that age. Intravenous fluids are also often used in children that aren’t able to keep fluids or foods down.

There will be a quarantine of the infected patient to prevent further spreading, with treatment for adolescents and adults being more appropriate within the home. There are several remedies used to treat, as well as medications in order to kill the bacteria and restore the respiratory tract.

Herbal and Home Remedies

There are many herbal and home remedies that provide relief of the symptoms and aid in the healing process. The most important tips given to alleviate the coughing spells and ease the treatment process for in-home treatment include:

• Make sure to get plenty of rest.
• Drink many fluids, including water, juice, and soup.
• Eat small and frequent meals.
• Vaporize the area.
• Maintain clean air within the home: no smoking.

Garlic is often used as a very effective remedy for whooping cough. Syrup of garlic taken in five drop to one teaspoon doses two to three times per day can have a great effect in treating the infection. If there are more frequent and violent coughing spells and the condition is worse, the dose frequency can be increased. Almond oil is another effective treatment that can provide great relief of the symptoms. Honey, onion, and at least 10 to 12 glasses of water can wash the system of the toxins and replenish the respiratory tract. There are several other herbal and home remedies that can greatly benefit patients suffering from whooping cough.

Medical Treatment

It is encouraged to seek treatment for pertussis early to simplify the treatment process. Early treatment can be highly effective with antibiotics like erythromycin, which can alleviate the symptoms much quicker. Although most patients are diagnosed too late for effective treatment with antibiotics, they will still be given to prevent spreading of the disease.

Any infant 18 months or younger should be receiving constant supervision to monitor breathing. During continuous coughing and choking spells, infants have a tendency to stop breathing which could cause mental dysfunction or death. The more severe cases should be receiving 24/7 hospital care until the infection has been fully treated. Many times, there will be an oxygen tent used that provides high humidity and promotes the unblocking of mucus, allowing easier breathing.

Over the Counter Medicine

Once antibiotics are no longer useful as an effective treatment, a minor infection will commonly be treated with cough relief using over-the-counter cough medicine. The infection will be monitored either from home until it has dissipated and there are no more symptoms.

Erythromycin is typically the main drug used for treatment of whooping cough. If the patient seeks treatment before the coughing spells have begun, Erythromycin is effective at preventing the progression to the paroxysmal stage, which is when the coughing begins. If the coughing spells begin, it is necessary to treat the symptoms, but no medications can target the bacteria.

Surgery

Surgery is not a typical treatment for pertussis as it is an infection and cannot be treated with any form of surgery. However, there are cases when whooping cough creates a larger underlying condition that may require some sort of surgery. This could include the development of a hernia or other intestinal or organ issues. The severe coughing spells can create a force within the body that can damage some organs and specific areas.

Whooping cough is a quite common disease associated with the B. pertussis bacterium that is spread very easily. There are many patients each year treated for whooping cough and many times the infection remains minimal. There are some cases, however such as in infants where more serious attention must be given to the disease as their immune systems are not properly developed or as strong as others. Proper treatment of pertussis can vary depending on the age of the infection, age of the patient, and the severity.

Special Treatment Options

While most cases can be solved with rest and nourishment, there are some cases that can provide such restraint on the respiratory system that death can occur. There are always other conditions that can affect the patient and cause more severe and life-threatening issues, such as pneumonia. In the case of pneumonia, proper treatment should be sought out and there should be isolation of the infected person to ensure that spreading of the infection does not occur.

Children may be required to remain in the hospital for the duration of the infection to ensure that there are no further and more permanent complications associated with the disease.

Avoidance

To avoid getting the B. pertussis infection, it is necessary to avoid unsanitary contact with those who may be infected, as well as ensure that all children immunizations are administered to ensure protection. Children can be much more susceptible to the more serious risks and complications associated with the disease, which causes more urgency to ensure that all immunizations and boosters are received per schedule.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common hormonal disorder among women of reproductive age and is named for the appearance of the ovaries in this syndrome. Polycystic means many cysts and the ovaries of women with this disorder appear enlarged and contain a populous amount of small cysts on the outer edge of each ovary. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is also known as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Stein-Leventhal Syndrome.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is a systemic endocrine and metabolic disorder, which normally develops in women between puberty and the onset of menstruation through the mid-20s. PCOS can be a misleading term, since most people believe the syndrome is only an ovarian disease. It is a combination of disorders and there is no universal definition of the syndrome.

Symptoms

Subset criteria that must be met for PCOS to be determined as a cause of a woman’s medical condition is the patient must have evidence of increased androgen, a male hormone, production in the body. Interestingly, women with PCOS show a marked insulin resistance with elevated serum insulin levels – hyperinsulinemia.

Overweight women, even with evidence of increased androgen production, do not usually have hyperinsulinemia if they have regular ovulatory menstrual cycles.

Worldwide Statistics

Worldwide statistics show that PCOS affects six to ten percent of all women. While it is not known to be hereditary, it is true that women in the same family will have a higher incidence of the disorder. Recent studies show that it is possibly a genetic abnormality that causes the insulin resistance, overproduction of androgen and lack of ovulation.

Women who suffer from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome are likely to exhibit telltale symptoms of the disorder. Symptoms may be mild in the beginning stages of the syndrome and increase in severity as a woman ages. The only clear symptom of PCOS is the complete or almost complete lack of ovulation. Researchers and endocrinologists believe that women who suffer other symptoms and still maintain an ovulation cycle actually belong to a subset of the disorder.

Menstrual abnormality

Women with PCOS have irregular or missed periods. These women may have as few as six to nine periods per year. The periods themselves may be accompanied by heavy bleeding, pain and severe cramping.

Lack of ovulation

Women with PCOS have little to no ovulation although they commonly have menstrual periods.

Difficulty conceiving

Fertility problems are a tremendous factor for women with PCOS. The infertility rate with polycystic ovaries is very high. The women usually will have great difficulty getting pregnant and usually require treatment to improve chances for pregnancy. The treatments can vary in scope but are costly. Some women with polycystic ovary syndrome will ovulate (release a mature egg) occasionally, others do not ever ovulate. In order to conceive, sperm must find and fertilize a mature egg. so the woman needs to ovulate.

Hursutism

Hursutism is excess body hair in abnormal locations or amounts. Women may experience increased hair growth of the chin, breast, abdomen, chest and back. The hair may be thicker or coarser than normal. Hair growth is normal for all women in these areas but women with PCOS have noticeable or thick hair. It is caused by the overproduction of androgen.

Obesity and inability to lose weight

Normally, food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the form of sugars such as glucose. Whenever there is an increase in sugar, the pancreas (an organ located behind the stomach) increases the secretion of a hormone known as insulin. Insulin attaches itself to cells, converting the extra sugar into energy. Insulin resistance means the cells have a sluggish response to the action of the insulin. The pancreas then secretes more insulin as compensation. Over time insulin resistance may lead to high sugar levels or diabetes.

Acne

In women with PCOS, androgen levels are often elevated. Production of a metabolite of testosterone rises, leading to an increase in oil production. Excessive oil production is the leading cause of acne.

Alopecia

Alopecia is a condition of thinning hair on the scalp.

Depression

Women with PCOS suffer a greater degree and severity of clinical depression.

Complications

Untreated PCOS may lead to type-2 diabetes, heart disease and stroke. In reproduction, it causes a higher degree of spontaneous abortion in women who do conceive and a higher risk of ovarian cancer. Women with PCOS can suffer severe depression or mood swings.

Holistic Approach

PCOS can be helped by both western and eastern philosophies of medicine. Aromatherapy, acupuncture, and vitamin therapy have all had some success in treating the symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Aromatherapy

While aromatherapy is not a cure, it can help lessen the severity and duration of some symptoms.

Aromatherapy is the process of pressing plants for its true essence, which is then used in combination with other oils and lotions for different conditions and ailments. Aromatherapy can be used to help restore the hormonal balance in women with PCOS. It is also known to aid relaxation, release emotional stress and elevate the mood.

When using aromatic oils, it is either rubbed into the skin, inhaled through the nose or used in massage or a bath. Aromatic oils work by stimulating the sense of smell and affecting the part of the brain associated with mood swings, self-esteem levels and instinctive behavior.

An effective aromatherapy mixture is a balance of jasmine, geranium and clary sage in an oil or lotion base. Two drops of both jasmine and geranium with an additional 3 drops of clary sage to 20ml of base lotion or oil will suffice. On the other hand, you can mix the three oils in a small container and inhale them directly. These aromatherapy oils cannot be directly applied to the skin because of their potency. Use the combination as frequently as needed.

Acupuncture

A Swedish university published a study showing a definitive increase in ovulation for women undergoing acupuncture. Electro-acupuncture was applied rather than traditional acupuncture. In this method, an electrical pulse was administered to the needles, stimulating the acupuncture trigger points. After a 10-14 treatment series over a 2-3 month period, 38% of the women experienced an increase in ovulation.

Traditional acupuncture has also shown promising results in regulating periods in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. The success rate of regulating periods was an impressive 83%. Acupuncture may also help in losing weight, eliminating headaches and achieving a calmer state of mind.

Vitamin Therapy and Herbal Treatments

Increasingly, studies show that herbal treatments and vitamin therapy can reduce the symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Cinnamon Bark

Cinnamon bark is believed to help the digestive tract, alleviating symptoms such as nausea or vomiting, diarrhea and menstrual cramps. Dried cinnamon bark is a natural pain reliever and is considered a stabilizer in blood stasis, leading to menstrual periods that are more normal. The properties of cinnamon bark support insulin production and enhance the body’s ability to absorb sugar.

Fish Oil

In a study by the Mayo Clinic, fish oil contains essential fatty acids needed to regulate hormone levels to an efficient standard of production.

Vitamin B and Folic Acid

These two B vitamins are thought to help control body weight. It can also help metabolize glucose in the body. Research shows that vitamin B can help stimulate scalp hair growth.

Iron

Because of the heavy menstruation cycle of women with PCOS, anemia is a distinct possibility. A normal daily dose of a multivitamin provides the necessary iron, which should be taken with calcium to improve absorption.

Chromium

Chromium also reduces the body’s resistance to insulin and promotes healthy blood sugar levels. Chromium is found in many foods such as chicken breast, fresh fruits, whole wheat breads, liver, and mushrooms.

Vitamin D

Recent studies of insulin resistance and Vitamin D have been very encouraging. Women with PCOS are shown to have a Vitamin D deficiency and a single dose of 300,000 units of Vitamin D were was sufficient to bring levels back into a normal range. Vitamin D sufficiency helps with the insulin resistance of PCOS.

When to See the Doctor

If an individual suspects she has Polycystic Ovanrian Syndrome, it is wise to diagnosis and treat the condition as soon as possible.

Diagnosis

After the doctor is apprised of the symptoms, he will do a physical exam to look for the signs of PCOS, and check weight, height and body mass index (BMI). The doctor will take a complete history regarding menstrual cycles, periods and past health. Then there will be a series of blood tests run to determine blood sugar, insulin levels, and hormone levels. Additional hormonal tests will be added to rule out thyroid and other glandular issues that could cause similar symptoms.

Some doctors will conduct an ultrasound to detect the presence of cysts on the ovaries, looking for the standard signs of PCOS.

Standard Treatment

Recommended treatments for PCOS are usually consist of a heavy emphasis on lifestyle changes, although, hormonal medications may be prescribed. Diabetes protocol may be initiated if the patient proves to be positive for diabetes. Birth control pills may be added to help regulate menstrual cycles and alleviate excessive hair growth and acne. Infertility drugs may be used for those women trying to conceive.

Infertility Treatments

For many women, infertility is the most heartbreaking result of PCOS. However, there have been great strides in the medical profession to help women achieve a cycle of ovulation and increase their chances of becoming pregnant.

A common approach is ovulation induction, which is the use of medication to stimulate production of mature follicles.

These follicles are the breeding ground of the embryonic egg. This method is helpful to women who do not regularly develop the mature follicles on their own. Other more expensive methods such as ovarian stimulation and intrauterine insemination can be tried if ovulation induction does not succeed.

Treatment Costs

The cost of treating PCOS will vary a great deal depending on the patient. A mild case of PCOS may require limited medications and doctor visits, while other patients may incur huge bills when struggling with infertility.

Costs of Initial Diagnosis

• Cost for an initial doctor visit $100-250.
• Cost for a new visit to endocrine specialist $250-400.
• Cost for pelvic ultrasound to evaluate uterus and ovaries $250-500
• Cost of hormonal and blood tests $250-700

Costs of Basic Fertility Treatments

• Cost of fertility related blood tests $250-$500
• Cost of semen analysis or sperm test $35-350
• Cost of Clomid medication $10-100
• Cost of monitored Clomid cycle (bloods and ultrasound x 2) $500-1600
• Cost of intrauterine insemination or artificial insemination $300-900

Cost of Advanced Fertility Treatments

• Cost of IVF, In Vitro Fertilization costs $11,000
• Cost of In Vitro fertilization plus ICSI $12,500
• Cost of injectable fertility meds for an IVF cycle $1500-4500
• Cost of IVF with donor eggs (includes agency, donor and legal fees) $28,000
• Cost of injectable fertility drugs for a donor egg cycle $1500-4000

Lifestyle Changes

There are many steps an individual can take to ease and help the symptoms of PCOS.

• Exercise is the one of the most vital elements in the containment of PCOS. Moderate to vigorous sessions of exercise 2-3 times a week will be extremely beneficial. Weight lifting, yoga, Pilates and aerobic exercise are good examples of exercise for the woman with PCOS. If nothing else, walk at least 5 times a week for 45 minutes each time.
• Eat a heart-healthy diet. This means a large amount of fresh fruit, vegetables, nuts, beans and whole grains. Eliminate as many foods high in saturated fats as possible. Avoid cheeses, sugary snacks, sodas and fried foods. If a patient has blood sugar problems or diabetes, they should eat the same amount of carbohydrates at every meal to avoid spikes in blood sugar levels.
• Lose Weight. Even a 5 or 10-pound weight loss may bring the hormones back in balance and help regulate the menstrual cycle. The number one fact for women with PCOS to remember is the disease lends itself to the stubborn retention of fat, especially belly fat. Do not get discouraged because it will take longer to lose the weight than the average person. Have realistic goals.
• Quit smoking. Smoking leads to a higher androgen level and contributes to the increased risk of heart disease.
• Use over-the-counter or prescription acne medications for troubled skin eruptions and blemishes.
• Hair removal can be achieved in a variety of ways. Smaller areas of hair growth can be waxed, plucked or shaved off. Electrolysis or laser treatments may remove most of the hair permanently, but the cost is significantly higher. You can also try a salon epilating session or try some of the epilating creams and lotions at home.

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome has no known cure. Even the origin of the syndrome remains murky in the light of medical research. However, with smart lifestyle changes and medical advances in the study of this syndrome, today’s woman with PCOS can lead a healthy, happy, stable life.

When a person feels that fluttering feeling in the heart or feels rapid or pounding heartbeats, they are experiencing what is known as heart palpitations. When a person experiences heart palpitations, it may be due to a number of triggers, such as medication, exercise, stress or, much less commonly, a medical condition that is underlying.

Even though it is a worrisome experience to feel heart palpitations, it is usually a harmless occurrence since the heart is still effectively pumping blood. A person can usually prevent the heart palpitations from recurring by avoiding whatever the cause of the trigger is.

In rare cases, experiencing heart palpitations may actually be a symptom of a heart condition that is much more serious, such as arrhythmia, which is an irregular heartbeat, and this may require treatment.

Symptoms of Heart Palpitations

• The symptoms of heart palpitations generally feel like:
• Skipping a heartbeat;
• Fluttering heartbeats;
• A heartbeat that is going too quickly; or
• A heartbeat that is pumping harder than normal.

Heart palpitations can be felt in the neck or in the throat, or they may also be felt in the chest. The feeling of heart palpitations may occur whether a person is at rest, active, and it can happen whether they are seated, laying down or standing.

When to See a Doctor

If the occurrence of heart palpitations is ultimate a concerning one, it is recommended to go see a doctor. He or she may wish to conduct tests to monitor the heart in order to determine whether or not the heart palpitations are due to a much more serious underlying heart problem. It is highly recommended that a person seek emergency medical attention in the event that the heart palpitations come accompanied with:

• Chest pain or discomfort;
• Dizziness;
• Fainting; or
• Shortness of breath.

Causes of Heart Palpitations

It is often the case that the true cause of what triggers heart palpitations cannot be determined. There are a few common causes that are believed to be responsible for instances of heart palpitations, such as:

• Stress, anxiety or any other similar strong emotional responses;
• Strenuous exercise;
• Nicotine;
• Fever;
• Caffeine;
• Hormone changes related to pregnancy, menstruation or menopause;
• Taking cough or cold medications that have the stimulant ingredient pseudoephedrine; or
• Taking any kind of asthma medication inhaler that has a stimulant in it.

However, it is possible, though uncommon, for a heart palpitation to be the symptom of a more serious underlying condition, such as an abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia, or hyperthyroidism, which is an overactive thyroid gland. Arrhythmias might include unusually slow heart rates (bradycardia), very fast heart rates (tachycardia) or simply a heart rhythm that is irregular (atrial fibrillation).

Risk Factors for Heart Palpitations

Those are at risk for developing heart palpitations are those who:

• are very stressed;
• have a present anxiety disorder or otherwise regularly undergo panic attacks;
• are pregnant;
• have an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism);
• take medications that have stimulants in them, such as certain asthma or cold medications; and
• have other similar heart problems, such as a heart defect, an arrhythmia or have previously had a heart attack.

Complications Arising From Heart Palpitations

Unless the heart palpitations are a sign or a symptom of an underlying, more serious heart condition, there is very little risk of developing any complications. If the heart palpitations are a sign or a symptom of an underlying, more serious heart condition, some of the more possible complications arising from heart palpitations include:

Fainting

When a heart beats quicker than it normally does, it is possible for the blood pressure to drop dramatically, which causes a person to faint. The likelihood of fainting is higher for those who have a certain kind of heart problem, such as some valve problems or problems with congenital heart disease.

Cardiac Arrest

Though this is a very rare occurrence, it is possible for palpitations, which are caused by a life threatening type of arrhythmia, to suddenly cause the heart to stop beating in an efficient manner (cardiac arrest).

Stroke

Should the palpitations further worsen to the point where the heart does not properly beat but instead quivers, it may cause blood to begin pooling. When blood pools, it may cause the formation of blood clot. Should a blood clot break loose, it may lead to a brain artery and it may obstruct it, which causes a stroke. Complications from this may include damaging a portion of the brain or it may even lead to death.

Heart Failure

When the heart is not effectively pumping for a prolonged period of time, and when the heart palpitations is caused by arrhythmia, such as atrial fibrillation, this may be a complication. Sometimes, in order to improve the way the heart functions, it is possible to control the rate of arrhythmia that is beginning to cause heart failure.

Preparing For an Appointment with the Doctor

If a person is experiencing heart palpitations along with a severe shortness of breath, fainting or chest paint, it is extremely important to immediately seek emergency medical attention. However, if the heart palpitations are brief and no other worrisome symptoms or signs seem to be present, it is recommended to make an appointment to see a doctor. The doctor may be able to determine whether the heart palpitations are a harmless occurrence or if they are the symptom of something much more serious, such as a heart condition.

Because an appointment with the doctor is usually limited in time and can be brief, and because it is important to cover a large amount of ground with the doctor, it is recommended that a person get fully prepared for an appointment before attending one. This section is provided in order to offer some insight with regards to the best way to prepare for an appointment for a doctor, as well as what to expect when attending the appointment.

What Can Be Done

Know all of the pre-appointment restrictions, if any. When calling to make the appointment, be sure to ask if any exist, as well as whether or not there is anything that should be done in advance, such as restricting the diet.

Take a notepad and write down what other symptoms, including heart palpitations, that may be present, even if they do not appear to have any direct correlation to the heart palpitations in the first place.

Take a notepad and write down any personal information that may be key to diagnosis, including any family history of arrhythmias, heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke or diabetes, in addition to any recent life changes or major stresses. Write down all medications that are currently being taken, since heart palpitations are a possible side effect, including any supplements or vitamins.

If it is possible, take a friend or a family member along for the ride so that they can recall or remember information that may have otherwise been missed or forgotten. It can often be a difficult process to remember every detail that the doctor discussed during an appointment, since there is plenty of ground to cover in a short period of time.

Be ready to talk about habits with regards to exercise and diet. If no diet or exercise routine is currently strictly followed, be prepared for the possibilities of discussing with the doctor about any challenges that may be faced with regards to getting started on a routine.

Write down any questions to ask the doctor.

Because the time spent with the doctor is usually limited, it can be beneficial coming up with a list of questions so that the time that would otherwise be spent thinking up questions can be reserved for going over other points in greater detail.

List the questions from the ones that are more important to the ones that are least important in case time runs out. Some basic questions to ask about heart palpitations may include:

• What is the most likely cause of the heart palpitations?
• What are some other likely causes for the heart palpitations?
• What should be done if the heart palpitations recur?
• What kinds of tests are necessary to determine the cause?
• What is likely the best course of action?
• How much activity is an appropriate level?
• What are some of the other alternatives to the primary approach that is being suggested?
• These other health conditions are also present. What is the best way to effectively manage them together?
• Should any certain restrictions be followed?
• Should a specialist be seen?
• Does there exist a generic alternative to the medication that is being prescribed?
• Are there any printed materials, such as brochures, that may be taken home to read or any Web sites that may be recommended?

Feel free to ask any other questions that arise if there is time or to ask more questions to go over points that are not fully understood the first time around.

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor will probably have a list of questions to ask as well, and being ready to answer these questions will reserve even more time for clarifying other points later on. The doctor may wish to ask:

• When did the first onset of heart palpitations occur?
• Have the symptoms been occasional or continuous?
• Do these heart palpitations suddenly start and stop?
• Does it appear as if though the palpitations come with some kind of pattern, such as always occurring during a certain activity or during the same time of each day?
• During the heart palpitations, does the heart still continue to beat steadily?
• If anything, what seems to improve the heart palpitations?
• If anything, what seems to worsen the heart palpitations?
• Are there any other symptoms present during these heart palpitations, such as dizziness, fainting, chest paint or shortness of breath?
• Have there ever been heart rhythm problems experienced before, such as atrial fibrillation?

What Can Be Done in the Meantime

Prior to attending the appointment, it is possible to attempt improving the symptoms by avoiding the usual stresses or activities that may trigger heart palpitations. Some of the more common triggers include drinking too much caffeine or alcohol, anxiety or panic attacks, or taking any kind of medication or supplements that have stimulants in them, such as some cold medicines or energy drinks.

Tests and Diagnosis

If the doctor feels that there are heart palpitations, he or she will wish to listen to the heart using a stethoscope to check whether or not the heart is beating either irregularly or too rapidly. He or she will also probably search for any symptoms of medical conditions that are known to cause heart palpitations, such as an overactive thyroid gland.

Some other tests that the doctor may wish to conduct include:

Electrocardiogram, or ECG. This is a noninvasive test in which a technician takes probes and places them on the chest so that it can monitor the electrical pulses that are responsible for making the heart beat. The device will record the electronic signals and the results should help a doctor figure out whether or not there are any irregularities within the rhythm of the heart and its structure, which may cause the palpitations. It is possible to have an electrocardiogram while exercising (stress electrocardiogram) or while at rest.

Holter monitoring. This is similar to an ECG exam, except it is a portable device that is worn to record the electrical pulses for up to three days. This device is used when heart palpitations cannot be found by way of a standard ECG.

Treatments and Drugs

Unless the doctor finds that there is some kind of underlying medical condition, an onset of heart palpitations rarely requires any kind of medication or surgery. The doctor will likely recommend staying away from the common triggers. If an underlying condition is present and is the cause of the heart palpitations, then he or she will likely recommend ways to treat the underlying condition in question.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

The best way to handle heart palpitations at home is to simply avoid the common triggers, such as:

• Reducing stress or anxiety;
• Avoiding stimulants; and
• Avoiding illegal drugs.

Acne General overview

Blemishes, also known as acne, zits and pimples, are a skin condition that form as a result of excess oil and skin cells that have become clogged inside your pores. Blemishes can occur almost anywhere on the body, but are most commonly observed on the face, neck, back, shoulders and chest. However, you may notice acne on the upper arms, buttocks and areas of the body where you sweat.

Blemishes look like raised bumps on the surface of the skin that can vary in size and may have a white, red or even black appearance. These blemishes can become infected, causing pain, inflammation and even scarring once the acne has healed.

Severe Acne

Acne is often dictated by genes and the hormonal changes that come with the surging hormones and increase oil production of puberty, pregnancy and even adulthood. Many people think that eating greasy foods causes acne, but this is a common misconception. Most teens will develop at least mild acne, though some may never have a problem with it, and others may develop a severe case.

Severe acne can have a negative affect on your quality of life and self-esteem, and can even contribute to anxiety and depression. Some people, particularly teens, may become shy or embarrassed and may start to avoid social situations or having their photo taken.

Adults who develop acne later in life are usually unprepared and may find the appearance of blemishes stressful and humiliating. However, with the technology and medications available today, there are ways to treat and prevent virtually any type of acne.

Types

Whiteheads

Whiteheads form as the result of excess oil and dead skin cells which clog the pores. The pores are closed off by these materials and the surface of the pore appears white. This is the form of acne that most people are tempted to ‘pop’ or squeeze, but this should be avoided.

Blackheads

Blackheads are the result of pores that have become clogged with sebum and dead skin cells. In the case of blackheads, the pore surface remains open, allowing you to see into the pore which appears black.

Cysts

Excess oil can become a breeding ground for bacteria, and as the bacteria multiply inside the pore, the pore can become inflamed and appear red, swollen and become very painful and even warm to the touch. This type of severe inflammation can form cysts, which is the most severe kind of acne. Cysts often leave permanent scarring once healed.

Common irritants or behaviors that can cause or worsen acne include:

• Wearing restrictive clothing or equipment that can rub against the skin and cause irritation. Straps or other tight-fitting items that are often associated with sporting equipment, as well as bra straps and even turtleneck shirts can irritate acne. If you are on the phone a lot, or perform any activity where something is pressed against your skin or face (such as playing a violin), this can also lead to acne.
• Over-washing, using harsh skin care products, or not following directions for each specific product property can irritate acne.
• Stress. Stress can cause an inflammation response in the body as well as an increase in androgens, or male hormones, in both men and women. Both inflammation and higher levels of androgens can increase the production of oil and may increase the occurrence and severity of acne.
• Touching your face. Your hands and fingers contain oils that can irritate and contribute to the formation of acne.
• Sweat. Be sure to remove clothing after any physical activity that induces sweating, and if possible, shower to remove sweat from the skin.
• Hair also contains oils and if you have a style where the hair touches the face a lot (like bangs), you may experience an increase in acne in those areas.
• Medications. Some medications that can cause acne include corticosteroids, hormones, Dilantin (an anti-seizure medication), lithium and some birth control pills. Most medication related acne will disappear once you stop taking the drug.
• You have a job that involves handling harsh chemicals and oils.

At-Home Treatment

If your acne is mild or has not yet reached a point where you feel a trip to the doctor is necessary, there are a variety of effective products on the market for you to try. You should also follow a regular cleansing routine to keep bacteria and oil at bay.

Skin Care Tips:

• Wash the affected skin up to two times per day, and be sure to rinse well. Use warm or room temperature water as opposed to hot to avoid irritation.
• Use only water-based cleansers and avoid any products that contain oils or perfumes.
• To avoid infection, increased acne and scarring, resist the temptation to squeeze your pimples.

Use Over-the-Counter Products with these key ingredients:

• To unplug pores use Benzoyl Peroxide.
• To dry up blemishes use Alpha-Hydroxy Acid or Salicylic Acid. These ingredients also cause the top layer of skin to peel.
• To kill bacteria, use products containing Tea Tree Oil.
• You may find strips that were designed to unclog pores very effective. These strips are typically applied to wet skin on the face (usually the nose, chin and cheeks) and when dried, you pull them off. The sticky side of the strips pull blackheads and dirt as well as leftover make-up out of your pores.
• You can also find several over-the-counter kits that contain a series of products that are meant to be used as a treatment package. Some kits include heat activated products while others provide a gentle at-home alternative to microdermabrasion.
• There is a large market for products that are only available through the internet or telephone orders that you may have noticed on television. Skin care lines designed to combat and prevent acne such as Proactiv, ANSR Acne Care, Murad Acne Complex and Curactin all claim to be the most effect acne fighting skin care lines available and have been found to be effective. As a consumer, you need to research the ingredients, side effects and consumer reviews associated with each product, and consider the costs involved (typically around $20 for the basic starter package) before ordering.

Effectiveness

While this list of products as a whole are often effective for the treatment of acne, they may not work for everyone. The success of these products depends on your individual skin and may take some trial and error to find the product, or combination of products that treat and prevent your acne. It is very important to only use products as directed.

Cost

Over-the-Counter products found at your local retailer typically cost anywhere from $5.00 for a basic cleanser, and up to $50.00 for a kit that contains a series of products.

Tests and Diagnosis

When acne becomes a burden and you are unable to find any over-the-counter products that alleviate the problem, you may choose to schedule an appointment with your doctor. During your visit, she will perform a physical exam and will ask a series of questions pertaining to your medical history, including any medications you are taking. Women may be asked about their menstrual cycle to determine if fluctuating hormones are contributing to the problem.

Typically, your doctor will not need to do any special tests unless she feels that the acne is an indicator of high testosterone levels (in women).

Clinical Treatment Options – Acne

Your doctor may use one or a combination of any of these medications to help banish your mild to severe acne.

• Benzoyl Peroxide to unclog pores.
• Salicylic Acid to dry out the acne.
• Azelaic Acid, which unclog pores and promotes healing.
• Isotretinoin, which is a potent oral retinoid used to treat cystic acne and acne that is not responding to other medications. Side effects for this man-made drug can be serious and include severe headaches, chest pain, and severe birth defects. Women who are pregnant, nursing, or plan on becoming pregnant should not take this medication.
• Tretinoin, which is a topical retinoid.
• Oral or topical antibiotics like sulfacetamide or erythromycin.
• Women may be prescribed low-dose birth control pills such as Ortho Tri-Cyclen or Yaz. These medications are typically prescribed for women with mild acne, or acne related to their menstrual cycles.
• Medications known as androgen blocks which decrease the amount of oil production, such as spironolactone.

Note: Common side effects associated with these medications include yeast infections in women, and diarrhea.

Cost

These prescription medications can cost anywhere from $15.00 to $140 per tube or bottle. Be sure to check with your insurance provide for any potential coverage.

If you are experiencing severe acne, your treatment may also include one of the following procedures:

• Interlesional Corticosteroid Injection, which is injected directly into cysts that have become inflamed. The corticosteroid decreases inflammation and encourages healing.
• Drainage and Surgical Excision, typically used on large cysts. Your dermatologist will drain the cyst under sterile conditions. Never attempt this type of procedure at home as it can cause infection and scarring.

Clinical Treatment Options – Scarring

Your doctor may be able to lessen the appearance of acne scarring using one or more of the following procedures:

• Chemabrasion, dermabrasion and microdermabrasion, are all procedures remove surface scars through either a buffing type process or a chemical peel.
• Laser resurfacing which removes the top layer of skin.
• Gelatin implants or collagen injections which can improve the appearance of scars.

Note: These treatments often require aftercare instructions to reduce pain and swelling, like applying cold compresses and avoiding sunlight, so be sure to ask your doctor about these instructions and follow them as directed.

Most acne treatments, whether it is for the acne itself or scarring, take time to show noticeable improvement. You may wait 6 to 8 weeks before seeing changes and acne may in fact get worse before it begins to decrease.

Cost

Clinical treatments can be quite expensive, especially those used to treat scarring. While costs vary greatly between procedures and individual doctors, procedures are typically priced from $100 to $3000 per treatment. Be sure to check with your insurance provider for potential coverage.

General care for acne prone skin:

• – Avoid picking at or ‘popping’ blemishes. If done incorrectly or by using hands or instruments that have not been sterilized, popping blemishes can not only spread bacteria but may also increase blemishes and cause scarring.
• – Avoid skin products that contain oil or pore clogging ingredients.
• – Avoid products that contain harsh chemicals or perfumes as these may also irritate the skin.
• – Many hair products contain oils which could trigger acne. When showering, use any shampoos, conditioners or other hair treatments before washing any affected or acne-prone areas with a wash that contains ingredients like benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid.

Sore Nipples

Causes, Prevention and Remedies

Though it might seem like an embarrassing problem, many people experience sore nipples from time to time. Sore nipples don’t necessarily indicate that anything is wrong, and thus the issue usually isn’t really considered a medical condition. However, though typically benign, there are some cases in which sore nipples could indicate more serious, underlying medical conditions.

There are several common causes for breast pain of all types, including nipple tenderness; luckily, there are also many soothing remedies for treating sore nipples. Here, those concerned about sore nipples and other types of breast pain can explore different reasons why a person might experience this painful and sometimes embarrassing problem, and what options exist for treating it.

Common Causes of Tender or Sore Nipples

Breastfeeding mothers are likely the group most heavily affected by nipple pain or other types of breast tenderness. Of course, there is the potential the soreness is simply a result of increased hormone levels, but in the case of women who breastfeed their children, there are also many other factors at play.

The very process of lactation, or milk production, increases a woman’s chances of developing an infection of the milk ducts called mastitis. Mastitis is a condition that can result in not just sore nipples, but incredibly painful breasts. If a milk duct becomes clogged, and bacteria begins to breed, a woman may develop fever, hardening of the breasts, and excruciating pain. The often jolting, almost electric pains will sometimes radiate through the affected breast and come in unpredictable waves, often feeling as if they are coming straight through the center of the nipple.

Hormones

In women who are not pregnant, hormones may play the biggest role in sore nipples and breasts. In menstruating women, levels of certain hormones elevate dramatically in the week or so before their periods, especially a hormone called progesterone. Progesterone is the hormone responsible for holding on to things to nourish a baby in the womb, should one be conceived during a given cycle. This retention includes water retention, and this process is carried out heavily in the breasts.

The heavy, full feeling of a woman’s breasts and sore nipples suffered prior to menstruation are often described as bothersome and painful, and not unlike what women in the very early stages of pregnancy experience. However, if a woman is pregnant, she will likely not menstruate and so the heavy, sore feeling will not fade for weeks until hormone levels balance out for a time. Later in pregnancy, the breasts may become painful again due to fluctuating hormone levels and eventually, lactation.

New Mothers & Sore Nipples

Nipple pain, chapped nipples and tenderness of the breasts is extremely common in new mothers who breastfeed, even when no mastitis is present. The painful side effects of breastfeeding can often be caused by the very act of nursing itself. The strong suction the baby’s mouth creates during nursing is necessary for encouraging milk flow and stimulating the “let down” of mother’s milk, but it can sometimes chafe and chap the delicate skin of the mother’s nipple. This can result in painful continued nursing, the stress and pain of which can actually inhibit milk production.

Breastfeeding Concerns

Some women who experience pain while breastfeeding give up and switch to formula far earlier than they intended to. In this way, sore nipples can actually affect the health of the baby and the emotional well-being of the mother. Many nursing mothers feel as if they have failed their child when they decide to stop breastfeeding, and this can lead to an increased risk of the mother developing post-partum issues, including post-partum depression and anxiety. If the nipple or breast pain is so severe that a woman is considering giving up nursing altogether, she should seek the professional guidance and assistance of a certified lactation consultant before deciding to stop.

Women who do decide to stop nursing may initially experience increased pain and sensitivity of the breasts, nipples and areola as the milk supply will continue to build in anticipation of the baby’s needs. If a week or two passes with no nursing and no release of milk, the body’s natural signals to produce more milk will begin to dissipate, and the swollen, tender glands and tissues will eventually respond. Expect full relief from breast and nipple soreness after two weeks of quitting breastfeeding.

Menopause

Menopausal women who experience sore nipples or breast tenderness may be suffering from severe hormone fluctuations, and will often experience other symptoms as well. Other symptoms that may indicate a hormonal imbalance related to menopause include missed or irregular period with no chance of pregnancy, mood swings, fatigue, hot flashes and irritability.

For women who don’t fit in the above categories, and for men who are experiencing sore nipples, it is possible there may exist a skin condition which is affecting the nipples and causing discomfort. Rashes from personal products, dermatological issues or clothing that irritates the skin and rubs across the nipples may cause pain. This type of condition is usually easily reversed by applying a bit of petroleum jelly and wearing loose, soft clothing over the area until healed.

Gynecomastia

Less common than nipple tenderness in women, men may experience sore nipples if they have a condition called gynecomastia. Gynecomastia is a term that describes when breast tissue grows abnormally on a male chest, usually undesired by the patient. This condition can include pain and swelling of the breast tissue, including the nipple.

Finally, in both men and women, sore nipples and other types of breast pain can have serious medical implications if there are also other risk factors for breast cancer present. Lumps in the breast tissue, nipple discharge or bleeding from the nipple and other warning signs may dictate a visit to a medical professional skilled in breast health to determine what these symptoms mean. In cases of nipple and breast pain where breast cancer is a concern, further testing in the form of lumpectomy, biopsy and blood tests may be necessary to rule out the possibility of cancer.

Prevention of Sore Nipples and Painful Breasts

In women, the group most commonly afflicted by this problem, wearing a bra that fits correctly may be the first step in preventing pain. Bras that fit incorrectly may place undue or unbalanced strain on the breasts, causing inflammation and pain.

Reducing friction against clothing can also help relieve nipple soreness. Choosing soft, cotton bras and shirts can significantly help in this arena. Synthetic materials may aggravate sensitive tissues of the areola and nipple, as can ingredients in some body care products. Evaluating environment and lifestyle habits can produce good results from recurring sore nipples.

Since progesterone involves holding onto what is put into the body, and estrogen can increase swelling of breast tissue and glands, limiting the intake of caffeine and other stimulants can help reduce the hormonal impact. Staying well-hydrated and avoiding things that cause the body to naturally hold onto water and bloat, such as salt and caffeine, can considerably affect swelling and pain of the nipples and breasts.

Medical Treatment and Home Remedies for Sore Nipples

In the case of breastfeeding mothers, sore nipples can sometimes be helped with various over-the-counter creams and salves. These creams are specially designed for lactating mothers and can help sooth and protect the delicate and easily-chafed skin of the areola and nipple. These nipple creams are widely available and relatively inexpensive. Nursing creams and nipple salves can be found in many retail stores, especially those geared toward baby care and new mothers.

For breastfeeding women, one avenue to relief from breast and nipple pain may be through an appointment with the lactation consultant at the hospital where they delivered. Incorrect latching of the baby can cause increased nipple chafing and pain, and sometimes all that is required to correct the problem is to correct baby’s positioning during nursing. Learning proper “latch-on” and “latch-off” techniques can help new mothers continue to breastfeed with less pain, which is beneficial to both mother and child.

Lactation Consultants

Certified lactation consultants may be able to recommend a certain cream over another, but recommendations from other mothers can be just as valuable. Petroleum jelly may be used for some cases, but is not generally recommended as highly as creams specifically designed for use by nursing mothers, as the petroleum can block the openings in the nipples and inhibit milk flow. This can cause a blockage in the milk ducts, and can exacerbate the soreness. For those who are not lactating but who are experiencing raw or chapped nipples and areolas, the use of petroleum jelly is perfectly safe.

Home Remedies

A warm shower is an easy home remedy for sore nipples and tender breasts, especially in pregnant or lactating women. However, depending on the severity of the pain, some women may not be able to tolerate the water stream beating down on the swollen and painful breast tissues. In these cases, a warm washcloth applied to the affected breast can help soothe and relieve pain in a more controlled and comfortable manner.

For anyone who is suffering sore or chafed nipples, steeping chamomile tea bags in hot water and then applying the tea bags to the nipple or other sore areas of the breast can help relieve swelling. When using this home remedy for sore nipples, it is imperative to test the warmed tea bags on the wrist or back of the hand before applying to the breasts to avoid burning the sensitive skin on the nipple. Excess water should be squeezed from the tea bags before application, but they should not be well wrung-out as the heat trapped in the moisture is what will help provide relief.

Nipple Shields

Nipple shields are another good option for nursing mothers who are experiencing nipple and areola pain. Various versions of this product are widely available at baby care retailers and drug stores. Nipple shields help protect nipples by reducing friction against clothes and preventing further irritation to the delicate membranes. Nipple shields are usually made of soft fabric, and are designed to adhere to the inner cups of a woman’s bra to prevent shifting. They are an inexpensive and effective tool for new mothers to help provide relief between feedings.

Hormone Replacement Drugs

In men or women for whom a hormonal imbalance has resulted in troublesome nipple or breast pain, oral hormone replacement drugs or medicated creams that help deliver hormones topically may be indicated. Only a physician can make this determination, and will do so through a series of tests and screenings.

For any severe pain of either the nipple, areola or other breast tissue, or in cases where any discharge besides milk is seen coming from the nipple, a doctor’s evaluation is the best course of action for quick relief and to rule out any serious underlying medical conditions. Over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may help provide relief, but a doctor can prescribe stronger narcotic pain killers which may allow a woman to safely continue to breastfeed without pain. The risks-to-baby and benefits-to-mother ratio will be weighed before the decision to prescribe heavier medications is made.

Skin Blemishes

Acne is a common skin problem that develops as a result of a hormonal imbalance. Most individuals develop acne during adolescence. Adolescents most often experience acne during puberty when their bodies begin to change into adults. However, other age groups are also affected. Individuals may also suffer from baby acne and adult acne, as well.

People with oily skin are more apt to develop acne because the pores become clogged with oil, hair or dead skin. When the skin excretes excess oil known as sebum, it may cause a bacterial infection. Sebum is an oily, waxy type substance that is excreted from the sebaceous glands of the skin. Sebum is also responsible for promoting soft, moist and pliable skin. This infection prompts the skin to become inflamed and the acne forms from the inflammation.

Blemish Characteristics

In normal skin, dead cells shed periodically to make room for new cells to form. Some people shed cells rapidly and evenly, other individuals do not. If this process does not happen naturally, some individuals may need an exfoliant to accelerate the process. The process of removing dead cells is often referred to as sloughing.

When the cells do not shed evenly, the dead cells stick together and form a plug. The plug may trap the oil in the skin and keep bacteria lodged in the hair follicle.

The trapped oil will form a lump and sometimes fill with pus. Pus appears when the body’s defense system sends white blood cells to attack the bacteria lodged in the hair follicle. The pimple formation process occurs over the course of 2 to 3 weeks.

Acne problems may afflict all body parts, such as neck, back, shoulders, chest, arms, or most commonly, the face. If the problem is unmanageable with home remedies, many people need to seek the assistance of a dermatologist. The dermatologist may prescribe topical gels or oral medication.

Alternative Names

Acne has many common and medical names associated with the condition. Several of the terms used to describe acne are listed below:

• Acne Vulgaris
• Pimples
• Zits
• Blemishes
• Whiteheads
• Blackheads

Despite what acne is called, it can become an embarrassing problem. Most individuals who have only a few pimples desire to be free of them immediately. The common condition is called “mild acne,” when there are a few pimples present on the body. “Severe acne” describes a major outbreak of 100 pimples or more and could affect any part of the body. When the pimples are red, painful, solid, or larger, they are referred to as zits.

Symptoms

Acne symptoms vary depending upon the condition. There are several types of acne that will be discussed. Each type is listed below:

Acne Vulgaris

This is the most common type of acne. This is the general term used to refer to acne. This term describes acne that is of different shapes, colors, and sizes. This type of acne may be large and deep set. Acne vulgaris may also be painful and inflamed. Scars or cysts may form on the face if not cared for properly. The hair follicle may become clogged and form acne vulgaris. When the pore is clogged, white pus will form inside the raised bump on the skin.

Papules

The papule is red and inflamed. There is no clear head associated with this particular type of acne. The acne is usually small, pink, and tender to the touch. Experts advise papule sufferers not to squeeze them as it exacerbates the problem.

Pustules or Pimples

Pustules usually possess a white or yellow pus filled head with a red circular base. The area is inflamed. Squeezing this type of pimple is often prescribed. Pimples are very similar to whiteheads.

Cysts

Cysts are pus-filled acne that look similar to a nodule in appearance. The cyst may be very painful. However, squeezing the cyst may cause an even greater infection. Experts advise patients not to aggravate a cyst.

Nodules

Nodules are large acne spots that are often painful. Most of the inflammation occurs under the skin. The nodule is hard to the touch. Dermatologists advise patients not to squeeze the nodule.

Whiteheads

Whiteheads occur when a pore becomes blocked by sebum, bacteria, dead skin or hair. When a whitehead forms, the pore is completely blocked with one of the aforementioned. The raised portion will appear white on the surface. Whiteheads typically disappear faster than blackheads.

Blackheads

Blackheads develop when the pore is partially blocked. The blockage may be a result of bacteria, sebum, or dead skin cells. The skin’s pigment or melanin is what causes the blackhead to become black in color. The black color is a result of oxidized keratin.

Causes

• Acne begins to form when oil, dead skin, or hair clogs the skin’s pores. If an infection forms, redness and pus will develop.
• Imbalanced hormones are a primary cause of acne or pimples. Adolescents entering puberty have a hormonal imbalance. The imbalance increases the likelihood that acne will develop.
• Chocolate or greasy foods in moderation will not promote acne. However, an imbalanced diet will exacerbate the situation. Excessive fried food, junk food and saturated food may promote acne if consumed in excess.
• Food with a high glycemic index, such as carbohydrates may promote acne development. Chocolate has a low glycemic index and may not contribute to the formation of acne.
• Individuals with low levels of Vitamin A are more prone to acne than those with high levels of Vitamin A.
• Acne is suspected to be genetic. If a parent has severe acne, the offspring will most likely develop acne as well.
• Females may develop acne before, after, and during their menstrual cycle due to hormonal imbalance.
• Non-comedogenic cosmetics are recommended to reduce the chances of acne break outs. Some cosmetics will clog pores and cause acne.
• Some abrasive exfoliants may cause pimples to form.
• Oily skinned individuals who use oily moisturizers may be exacerbating their skin condition.
• Stress causes imbalances that may trigger a hormonal imbalance. This may cause the skin to break out and develop more pimples.
• Lack of proper hygiene may cause acne to develop.
• Touching the face with dirty hands may cause acne to develop.

Risk Factors

People with acne often suffer from embarrassment due to their condition. The condition may limit one’s social life and cause severe anxiety. The psychological aspect of the disease is often debilitating to those who suffer from it. The condition is not life threatening. However, if acne spreads to undesirable places on the body, such as the face, neck or torso, the individual will be less likely to engage in social gatherings.

Prevention Tips

Because acne is an embarrassing condition, the condition should be treated promptly to avoid social withdrawal that often accompanies the disease. In order to prevent acne, dermatologists recommend nutritional balance and proper skin care. Listed below are tips that will help to prevent acne:

• Moisturize on a daily basis, but only if skin is rough after washing.
• Use an astringent to remove excess oil.
• Water-based products are recommended. These products are preferred to oil-based and petroleum products.
• If your skin is oily apply a honey mask once per week to remove excess oils. Honey is also a disinfectant and will heal minor blemishes. It will also destroy bacteria present on the skin.
• Wash the face twice per day with a sulfer-based soap. Smoothly remove the dead skin. Do not scrub.
• Long hair may contribute to acne. Some experts will advise individuals to cut their hair short. The hair contains oil and the dust particles from the hair may get on the face and exacerbate the condition.
• Wash the hair frequently to avoid breakouts.
• Skin needs nutrition also. Take a multi-vitamin daily.
• Chromium supplements heal the skin quickly. Take chromium daily.
• Vitamin A reduces sebum production. This vitamin will also protect the skin and prevent acne.
• Drink 8 glasses of water each daily. Water clears the body of toxins and hydrates the skin.
• Remove makeup before going to bed. Those who desire to wear makeup should use mineral-based or water-based makeup.
• Some experts advise not to wear cold creams or lotions to bed. However, this is only advisable if the person has oily skin.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Dermatologists will diagnose acne through a visual evaluation, typically. The physician will examine the patient for the amount of inflammation present, the location of the acne, and the severity of the acne.

Most dermatologists classify the acne according to the following grades:

• Grade I

  Grade I acne is a mild form of acne which will usually consist of blackheads, whiteheads or milia. Minor pimples may also be considered as Grade I acne. There is very little inflammation associated with this type of acne. Most Grade I acne can be treated with over-the-counter medication.

• Grade II

  Grade II acne is a moderate form of acne. This level of breakout will consist of a greater number of blackheads and whiteheads. Papules and pustules are present more frequently with this type of acne. While Grade II acne is treatable with over-the-counter medications, it is advisable to seek the help of a physician if the situation has not improved in 6 to 8 weeks.

• Grade III

  Grade III acne describes moderate to severe acne. More inflammation and redness are present in Grade III acne. Additionally, the number of papules and pustules will be greater in number. Nodules may also be present with this type of acne. When diagnosed with this type of acne, a dermatologist will recommend a treatment or regimen to alleviate the problem.

• Grade IV

  Grade IV describes the most severe form of acne. This type of acne may also be referred to as cystic acne. The skin will be consumed by pustules, nodules, blackheads, whiteheads and cysts. The inflammation is the most pronounced in this form of acne development. Most often the acne appears not only in the face, but other parts of the body as well. This severe form of acne must be treated by a dermatologist for favorable results.

Some conditions may look remarkably similar to acne, but will be diagnosed as a different condition. Patients should be aware of these conditions. The treatments will differ dramatically. Some of these conditions are listed below:

Rosacea

The nose and cheek area are red and full of papules and pustules.

Folliculitis

Inflamed hair follicles cause bumps or pustules.

Keratosis Pilaris

Small bumps develop on the upper arms, thighs and buttocks of people who have this condition. The bumps often resemble “goose bumps” and make the skin rough to the touch.

Milaria rubra

Milaria rubra are small red bumps that may develop on the surface of the skin. The condition develops from excessive heat exposure. The condition may be commonly referred to as “heat rash.”

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

Since ancient times, people have used home remedies that help achieve a glowing complexion. Home remedies are inexpensive and easy to prepare.

Several of the most effective home remedies are listed below:

• To cleanse pores and release toxins, try a masque made from baking soda and water
• Use eggs whites for dry skin
• Use honey for oily skin
• Drink plenty of water
• Adopt a healthy diet full of nutrients
• Lemon reduces blemishes and also lightens them. Rub a lemon peel onto the skin along with sugar. Wash it off in 10 minutes.
• Gram flour, turmeric powder, lemon juice and curd may also be a good facial masque. Apply on a regular basis for the best results.
• Mix grated potatoes with lemon juice and honey. Apply the mixture to the face. Allow it to remain on the face for around 20 minutes. Potatoes will act as a bleaching agent on the skin. Rinse with a mild soap and water.
• Apply a clay-based or sandlewood-powder based face pack to the skin. Wash the face with medicated soap and lukewarm water.
• Neem leaves possess antibiotic agents that may cure acne. To promote blemish free skin, boil the leaves in water and strain the leaves. Splash the Neem water onto the face as many times as possible.
• Heat
• Tea Tree Oil
• Hydrogen Peroxide
• Detoxification with a lemon, cayenne pepper and honey mixture
• Zinc administered orally

Pharmaceuticals

Dermatologists will recommend treatments for acne patients. The physicians will typically prescribe gels. When using gels, dermatologists will recommend that the patient avoid the sun. The gels have been known to cause irritation or burning sensation on the skin.

Acne creams are available over-the-counter for mild acne. Dermatologists recommend a product with either benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. Follow the directions on the label for the best results. Benzoyl peroxide works by killing the bacteria known as “Propionibacteria.” This product is sold in strengths ranging from 2.5 percent to 10 percent.

Products containing benzoyl peroxide are as follows:

• Proactiv
• Benzaderm Gel
• MD Formulations Benzoyl Peroxide 10
• Glytone 10 percent Benzoyl Peroxide Acne Treatment Gel

Sulfer and Resorcinol are helpful in reducing the buildup of dead skin cells and excess oil. Historically, sulfur has been used for a half century to prevent acne breakouts. Each product is available over-the-counter in strengths of 2 percent, 5 percent and up to 8 percent.

Products that contain resorcinol and sulfur are as follows:

• Rezamid Lotion
• Glytone Flesh Tinted Acne Treatment Lotion
• Clearasil Medicated Blemish Cream
• Clearasil Medicated Blemish Stick

Salicylic acid is a natural exfoliant that aids in the sloughing process. The agent allows skin to shed more evenly and naturally. Pores are less likely to become blocked and breakouts are less likely to occur when using this product. Salicylic acid is also effective on whiteheads and blackheads. The product may be found in strengths ranging from 0.5 percent to 2 percent. Salicylic acid is available in cleansing pads, cleansers and lotions.

Some products containing this effective agent are listed below:

• Dermalogica Medicated Clearing Gel
• Oxy Products
• Stridex
• Noxema Products

Alcohol and Acetone

Alcohol and acetone are products used for oily skin types. The products work by removing excess oils from the skin. Alcohol is an antimicrobial agent that reduces bacteria that causes acne.

Both of these products are found in toners, astringents and cleansers.

• Glytone Acne Treatment Toner
• Tyrosum Liquid Acne Skin Cleanser

The products are often found in kits or as a part of a regimen. The most effective regimens include a cleanser, a toner or astringent, a moisturizer and a cleansing mask or exfoliant. Each person is challenged with finding the appropriate regimen for their skin. All skin types are different, and each person must be evaluated prior to selecting an appropriate regimen.

Some of the manufacturers of regimen kits include:

• Mary Kay
• Proactiv
• Acne Free
• L’Oreal’s Acne Response

Prescription Acne Treatments

• Differin
• Aczone
• Erythromycin
• Clindamycin
• Tetracycline
• Cortisone
• Other Oral Medications to balance hormones

Some oral medications include:

• Erythromycin
• Tetracycline Antibiotics
• Oxytetracycline
• Doxycycline
• Lysmecycline
• Trimethoprim

Surgery

Patients who suffer from cystic acne may seek relief from surgical lancing. Surgical lancing includes the process of draining the acne with a needle. Laser surgery treatments, similar to hair removal, may also reduce acne.

Potential Side Effects

• Stay out of the sun when using prescribed gels as they may cause irritation to the skin.
• Do not use more than one acne treatment at a time. Discontinue the use of one product and continue the next for maximum results.