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Antioxidants

Glutathione

Glutathione, also referred to as L-Glutathione, L-gammaglutamyl, L-cysteinylglycine or GSH, is a tripeptide naturally occurring in the body. Existing in almost every cell of the body, Glutathione is a small molecule made up of three amino acids: cysteine, glycine, and glutamic acid. Glutathione, however, must be generated within the cells before it can work effectively within the body.

Glutathione is important to intermediary metabolism, immune response, and overall health. Often referred to as the “mother of all antioxidants,” glutathione is vital in aiding the multiplication of lymphocytes, the cells that mediate specific immunity, that occur in the development of an effective immune response. Glutathione is also used in repairing cellular damage from harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Glutathione is essential in protecting organs such as the liver, the eyes, skin, kidneys, brain, and heart. glutathione usage

History of Glutathione

The discovery of glutathione first was in 1888 by De-Rey-Pailhade, but its role as an antioxidant and detoxifier was not discovered until 30 years later. Glutathione was first isolated by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins in 1926. Isolating glutathione lead to understanding of this powerful tripeptide and exploration of its many uses. Hopkins made is the discovery and characterization of glutathione that is described in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. He recognized that glutathione was important as a hydrogen acceptor in a number of biochemical reactions. In addition, Hopkins observed the way the body utilized oxygen in relation to glutathione levels.

Glutathione in Foods

Foods that naturally boost glutathione levels are fruits, herbs, vegetables and meats. Vegetables such as broccoli, cauliflower, onions, Brussels sprouts and cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, spinach, and asparagus are good sources of glutathione. Watermelon, avocado, fruits rich in vitamin C like oranges, foods containing vitamin E like almonds all contain positive levels of glutathione. Glutathione is found in raw eggs, fresh, unprocessed meats, garlic, turmeric, and herbs such as cinnamon and cardamom. Brazil nuts are also an effective source of glutathione. Eating one Brazil nut a few times a week is an acceptable way to increase glutathione levels; however, Brazil nuts are high in calories.

Supplements

Unfortunately, there is no evidence of the benefits of taking glutathione as a supplement. Research suggests that glutathione taken orally is not well absorbed within the gastrointestinal tract. Taking supplements such as acetylcysteine, which is an antioxidant that can regenerate glutathione within cells. Another antioxidant to consider is the mineral selenium, which helps to boost glutathione production within the body. Other methods of glutathione supplementation have been found to be somewhat effective. These methods are administering glutathione using nasal sprays, sublingual (under the tongue), patches, and through injections.

It is rumored that actress Suzanne Summers spends over nine hundred dollars a month on glutathione injections to keep her healthy and give her body a youthful appearance. Oral supplements of glutathione are easily available at many places on the Internet such as amazon.com and vitacost.com and can also be found in retail stores such as GNC or walmart. The cost depends on the amount of capsules and milligrams of glutathione; at GNC a 50 mg bottle of 50 tablets is sold for $9.99. Mineral supplements such as selenium are available on the Internet at websites such as drugstore.com and herbal remedy.com for approximately $10 for 100 tablets.

Selenium is also available for purchase at many retail stores including walmart, walgreens, and kmart. Undenatured, or non-heated, whey protein is also high in glutathione. There have been some studies that have shown that the glutathione found in whey protein can be absorbed by the body. Whey protein is a commonly found product that is sold at retail stores such as walmart or Target and online at websites like drugstore.com. Whey protein varies in prices but one can expect to pay $15.00 for a two-pound container of whey protein powder. One typically consumes whey powder in shakes.

There are many different flavors of whey protein powder such as chocolate, vanilla, and cookies and cream and it is very soluble, mixing easily into a healthy shake. There are no documented side effects of taking whey protein supplements.

Dosage

Oral glutathione is taken in ranges of 50 mg to 600 mg, when inhaled through nasal sprays the dosage of glutathione is 600 mg twice a day, when used as an injection a dosage of 600 mg once a day is recommended by most physicians. If taking an oral glutathione supplement, it is important to only take the dose recommended on the instructions and only take supplements from a very reputable manufacturer, as these supplements are not closely regulated.

Controversy

There is debate about the actual benefits of glutathione supplements in any form: oral, inhaled, or injected. Many scientists discount any supplemental product of glutathione sold, saying that the antioxidant cannot be absorbed into the body from these supplements. They recommend increasing your diet in foods naturally rich in glutathione. Several doctors agree that it is simply impossible to increase circulating glutathione to a clinically beneficial extent by consuming glutathione supplements. Those who are attracted to a more holistic approach to healthcare tend to disagree with those physicians, citing personal anecdotes and experiences as proof of the abundant benefits of glutathione supplements. Vitamin companies also boast the benefits of glutathione supplements. Many companies claim that their products decrease signs of aging, help to clear skin of imperfections or to whiten the skin, improve the immune system, reverse damage from smoking, reverse damage due to aging, and increase energy.

Side Effects

Generally, glutathione is said to be free of side effects. Considered safe by the Food and Drug Administration, no reports of harmful side effects have been published in any medical journals. There is one reported side effect has been contributed to glutathione, which is skin whitening. Skin whitening occurs when glutathione is taken in increased doses by modifying conversion of eumelanin (dark/brown/yellow pigmentation) to phaeomelanin (reddish white pigmentation). Many dermatologists use glutathione as a skin whitener and it has been proven to be very safe and effective. glutathione usage

Levels of Glutathione in the Body

One of the main causes of law levels of glutathione are free radicals. An increased presence of free radicals in the body can cause oxidative stress. Low levels of glutathione deficiency contribute to oxidative stress, which plays a key role in aging.

Oxidative stress can also worsen many diseases which include Alzheimer’s disease, liver disease, Parkinson’s disease, cystic fibrosis, cancer sickle cell anemia, HIV and AIDS, diabetes, and heart attack. The aging process also causes lower levels of glutathione in the body. By age 20, the body begins to lose between 10-15% of glutathione per decade.

It is important to increase consumption of foods rich in glutathione after age 20. Other ways glutathione is decreased in the body can be from pollution, stress, exposure to poison such as pesticides, and birth control pills and hormone therapy. The higher glutathione levels are the healthier the individual is. High levels of glutathione help to rid the body of toxins and boost the immune system as well as the metabolism and energy levels.

Many dermatologists recommend eating foods high in glutathione to help reduce the signs of aging and improve skin clarity. Raising levels of glutathione in the body has an impact on almost every disease and sickness. An increased presence of glutathione can help to reduce symptoms of and prevent colds and the flu, can increase energy levels, and can slow memory loss.

Uses

People of any age and lifestyle can benefit from increased levels of glutathione in the body. Glutathione contains so many healthy effects and no known negative side effects; because of this, most doctors and nurses encourage people to increase foods rich in this powerful antioxidant in their diet. Scientists agree that consuming increased amounts of glutathione early in life promotes longevity and reduce the potential of contracting and severity of chronic diseases. By neutralizing and repairing the damage done by free radicals, glutathione is proven to help slow the aging process.

Many doctors are further researching the benefits of high levels of glutathione for several conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, heart disease, osteoarthritis, Parkinson’s disease, cornea disorders, kidney dysfunction, liver disorders, and immunodepression that occurs in diseases such as AIDS. There is increased evidence suggesting that cellular redox, or reduction-oxidation, status is key in regulating viral replication and infectivity; glutathione helps to maintain a healthy cellular redox status. Glutathione has been proved to reduce flu symptoms by one third and increased levels of glutathione have shown a reduced chance of contacting the flu.

Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s

In Parkinson’s disease, research has revealed that oxidative stress and free radicals add to the deterioration of brain tissue. Low levels of glutathione have been found in those suffering from severe damaged brain tissue due to Parkinson’s disease. High levels of glutathione can slow the progression of brain tissue damage. Memory loss associated with Alzheimer’s disease has been proven to slow with an elevated level of glutathione in the body. Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by degeneration of brain nerve cells and shrinkage of brain tissue. While it is unclear whether oxidative damage is a cause or merely an effect of Alzheimer’s, glutathione has been proven to slow down the progression of the disease.

Vitamins

Vitamin D Analogues

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble organic nutrient divided into five analogues, the two most important of which are D2 and D3. Vitamin D mentioned without the subscript usually means D2, D3, or a combination of both. Some analogues of vitamin D are produced by the skin of all vertebrates as a result to the exposure of sunlight or other forms of ultraviolet B radiation. Vitamin D is also found in a variety of popular foods, and many countries fortify their milk with it. It is also available in pill or capsule form as a dietary supplement.
Vitamin D Analogues
Vitamin D is absorbed into the bloodstream where the liver converts it into calcidiol, a type of prohormone. Calcidol, in turn, is then converted into calcitriol in the kidneys and by the immune system in the blood. Calcitriol is a form of vitamin D that is physiologically active and works as a hormone that regulates phosphate and calcium levels and is also responsible for bone health and bone growth. People who suffer from deficiency in vitamin D can develop fragile and malformed bones. They are also more prone to contracting rickets and osteoporosis.

Forms of Vitamin D

Since vitamin D was first discovered in 1932, five natural analogues, called vitamers, have been found to exist and four synthetic analogues have been synthetically created. As a group, vitamin D analogues are chemically classified as secosteroids, which are steroids with one broken bond.

Natural Analogues of Vitamin D

  • Vitamin D1 is a molecular compound of ergocalciferol (D2) with lumisterol in a 1:1 ratio.
  • Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) was the first to be discovered in 1932. This form is produced by invertebrates, some plants, and fungi. Biological production of D2 is stimulated by ultraviolet light. Scientists are unsure how the vitamin works in invertebrates, but it is thought to act as a natural sunscreen.
  • Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the form created in the skin by the reaction of 7-dehydrocholesterol with ultraviolet B radiation, present in sunlight with a UV index of 3 or more. When enough of the vitamin is created, excess amounts spontaneously degrade.
  • Vitamin D4 is an analogue scientifically known as 22-dihydroergocalciferol.
  • Vitamin D5 (sitocalciferol) is another analogue created from 7-dehydrositosterol.

Synthetic Analogues of Vitamin D

Calcipotriol is derived from calcitriol and is used as a treatment for psoriasis. It was first discovered during trials involving the use of vitamin D for treating osteoporosis. It is applied as a cream or ointment to the skin or scalp with very few side effects noted. Rarely, the use of calcipotriol causes hypercalcemia.

Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) is a synthetic form of vitamin D that many consider superior to natural D2 and D3. It becomes active by the liver without needing to go through hydroxylation in the kidneys. DHT has a two-hour onset time and is more efficient in the mineralization of bone salts.

Paricalcitol is also derived from calcitriol. It is used to treat and prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism that is caused by kidney failure. Paricalcitol is manufactured and marketed by the drug company Abbott under the brand name Zemplar. Zemplar is administered intravenously and is associated with several side effects, including weakness, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and decreased libido.

Tacalcitol is a derivative of vitamin D3. It is known to hinder keratinocytes in the skin and is used primarily as a treatment for psoriasis. It is most commonly sold under the brand names Curatoderm or Bonalfa.

Sources of Vitamin D

Sunlight

For most vertebrates, including humans, the primary source of vitamin D is that produced by their own skin. 7-dehydrocholesterol is produced in mass quantities by the skin of most every vertebrate, one exception being the naked mole rat. As ultraviolet B light (290 “ 315 nm wavelength)from the sun or other sources makes contact with the 7-dehydrocholesterol, it undergoes a photochemical reaction that converts it to cholecalciferol. In animals such as birds and furry mammals where their skin is blocked from the sunlight, 7-dehydrocholesterol is secreted into the feathers or fur in an oil, where it converts through sunlight and is eaten by the animals during oral grooming. The cholecalciferol then moves through the bloodstream where it is converted into calcitriol, the form that is usable biologically.

In areas north of 42 degrees north latitude, there is not enough UVB light for vitamin D to be synthesized in humans from November to February. For this reason, people living in northern latitudes (southern latitudes in the southern hemisphere) often run vitamin D deficient in the winter months. For those living north of the 34 degree north latitude, that period is extended to 6 months. From the 34 degree north latitude to the 34 degree south latitude, sufficient UVB rays reach the Earth for year-round synthesis. Some physicians recommend 30 minutes of sunlight exposure twice per week for adequate vitamin D production. Care must still be taken to limit exposure because of the dangers of skin cancer. There are some factors that limit UVB transmission from the sun to the skin:

UVB light does not penetrate glass windows. Sunscreen over SPF 8 totally inhibits vitamin D production, but experts say most people accidentally leave some areas of skin uncovered by sunscreen. A small patch left uncovered still produces active levels of vitamin D. Cloud cover reduces UVB rays by 50 percent. Shade blocks UVB rays by 60 percent.

Food

Vitamin D is rare in natural foods. The largest amounts are found in fish, such as tuna, mackerel, and salmon. The highest concentrations are in the oils of the fish liver. Smaller amounts of vitamin D3 can be found in egg yolks, cheese, and beef liver. Vitamin D2 is found is found in edible mushrooms that have been exposed to sunlight or UV light. Here is the vitamin D content of some common foods: (Recommended daily value is 400 IU)

  • Cod liver oil (1 Tbsp) “ 1360 IU
  • Salmon, cooked (3 oz) “ 794 IU
  • Mackerel (3 oz)“ 388 IU
  • Tuna (3 oz)“ 154 IU
  • Sardines, canned (1 sardine) “ 23 IU
  • Beef Liver (3.5 oz) “ 46 IU
  • Chicken Egg (large) “ 25 IU
  • Cheese, Swiss (1 oz) “ 6 IU

In the U.S. and other developed countries, most dietary vitamin D comes from artificially fortified foods. In the early 20th century, rickets was a major health problem. Since vitamin D combats rickets, the U.S. government began to artificially introduce vitamin D into milk. Results among the general population were almost immediate, and the program has continued to this day. Other countries have since followed suit. Other foods can also be fortified with vitamin D, including breakfast cereal, orange juice, margarine, and yogurt. Unlike milk, which is almost all fortified, other products may or may not be fortified. Mushrooms have recently begun to be fortified semi-naturally by exposing them to controlled UV light emissions greater than they would be exposed to naturally.

  • Mushrooms, enhanced (3 oz) “ 400 IU
  • Milk, fortified (1 cup) “ 115 “ 124 IU
  • Orange Juice, fortified (1 cup) “ 100 IU
  • Yogurt, fortified (6 oz) “ 80 IU
  • Margarine, fortified (1 Tbsp) “ 60 IU
  • Breakfast cereal (1 cup) “ 40 IU

Dietary Supplements

Dietary supplements are available as vitamin D2 or D3. D2 supplements are made by exposing yeast to UV radiation. This causes the yeast to naturally produce the vitamin. D3 supplements are made by exposing lanolin containing 7-dehydrocholesterol to UVB radiation. Although both work equally well as a treatment for rickets, some question has been recently been raised as to how they are metabolized. In tests, vitamin D3 shows to be as much as 3 times as effective as vitamin D2. Some people, such as vegetarians and vegans, are opposed to the D3 supplements, however, because they are sourced from animals.

Health Effects of Vitamin D

Although the exact serum concentrations of vitamin D for optimal health have not been established, researchers estimate the level is somewhere between 16 and 48 ng/ml and varies by age with older people requiring higher levels. Recently, however, one group of researchers have claimed support for their statements that the true optimum serum levels are 16 to 48 ng/ml, and supplementation of 400 IU per day only increase serum levels by 2.8 to 4.8 ng/ml. Therefore, they are recommending a daily value of 1,700 IU/day. Having sufficiently levels of vitamin D plays an important role in health and can prevent or treat several conditions.
Vitamin D Benefits

Immune System

Although studies are still continuing, vitamin D shows an increase in ability of natural killer (NK) cells to fight infections. It also shows an increase in macrophage activity. Increased bodily production of cathelicidin, a natural antimicrobial agent, is also linked to sufficient levels of vitamin D. Some researchers have suggested that the immune system response to vitamin D can reduce the risk of fetuses to develop multiple sclerosis, but these claims are refuted by other researchers.

Cardiovascular System

A National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey once showed a link between low levels of vitamin D and peripheral artery disease. In addition, a study done in the U.K. showed that those who work outdoors in the summer had lower cholesterol. Others have claimed vitamin D deficiency is linked to high blood pressure. All of these claims were later shown to be untrue during systemic reviews.

Cardiovascular studies with vitamin D continue and some recent findings have suggested benefits that are associated to particular ethnicities. In these studies, sufficient vitamin D levels in people of African descent may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, while no such correlation exists in people of European or Caucasian descent. Another study shows that Indians, despite receiving plenty of sunshine, may still suffer from vitamin D deficiency.

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis, which causes loss of bone density and increased risk of fractures, is usually associated with calcium deficiency, but studies show that vitamin D deficiency also plays a role in the development of the condition. Sufficient levels of vitamin D increase the body’s absorption of calcium and long-term deficiencies can manifest in osteoporosis. Vitamin D supplementation is recommended for seniors, individuals with limited mobility, and postmenopausal women to help prevent osteoporosis.

Since most research of vitamin D and osteoporosis include calcium intake, the exact effects of vitamin D alone are impossible to determine at the present. Studies always recommend the two be taken together, and the final conclusion is that 700 -800 IU/day of vitamin D3 and 500 -1,200 mg/day of calcium reduces the bone loss and decreases incidents of falls and fractures for people between the ages of 62 and 85 years.

Cancer

Both human and animal studies suggest that sufficient vitamin D levels play an important role in the prevention of some forms of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. So far, the presence of vitamin D shows the most promise in those with colon cancer, while the other forms of cancer have highly variable test results. Other studies of vitamin D and cancer show either no effect or even a negative effect. One study in Finland on smokers showed that the subjects in the top 20% of vitamin D serum levels are three times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer. The general consensus is that much more research is needed to determine the exact effects of vitamin D on cancerous cells.

Mortality

An independent group of researchers using the data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey concluded that high levels of vitamin D indicate statistically lower rates of mortality among the general population. The research began with detecting vitamin D levels over a 6 year period, ending in 1994. The subjects, however, were continued to be tracked for mortality until 2000. By using the leukocyte telomere length (LTL) to predict the development of diseases and health conditions related to aging, it was determined that those with optimal levels of vitamin D would live longer.

Other Health Conditions

Vitamin D analogues may be effective in treating a variety of other diseases and health conditions:

  • Low blood phosphate levels
  • Psoriasis
  • Low calcium
  • Rickets
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Hyperparathyroidism
  • Tooth decay

One group of researchers and concerned citizens known as the Vitamin D Council is claiming vitamin D deficiency is the source of a range of disorders, including autism, depression, and other forms of mental illness. While initial research shows some correlation, studies on these conditions have only just begun.

Side Effects and Health Risks of Vitamin D

Vitamin D supplementation has been linked to several minor side effects:

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Loss of appetite
  • Constipation
  • Weakness

Other side effects have been linked to vitamin D’s ability to increase absorption of calcium:

  • Confusion
  • Mental abnormality
  • Heart arrhythmia
  • Kidney stones

Vitamin D has shown to interact with some medications. Corticosteroids, which are used to treat inflammation, impair vitamin D absorption. This can contribute to osteoporosis and a doctor should be consulted regarding vitamin D intake. Orlistat, a weight-loss drug, and cholestyramine, a drug to reduce cholesterol, also reduce vitamin D absorption. Phenobarbital and phenytoin, both used to treat epilepsy, increase metabolism of vitamin D into inactive substances.

Vitamin D has also been shown to increase calcium levels in people suffering from lymphoma, sarcoidosis, and histoplasmosis. This can lead to kidney stones. Vitamin D may also contribute to more severe symptoms in people with atherosclerosis.

Conditions

Dry Skin

Definition of Dry Skin

The skin is the essential covering for the body, offering physical, thermal and moisture protection against the environment. The skin weighs more than twice the weight of the brain; and during a normal year sheds 1.5 pounds (0.68 kilograms) of dead cells. Alternative names, for the skin, are “dermis” or “dermal.”

There are multiple layers to the skin, the outermost layer is called the “epidermis” from the Greek prefix, “epi” which means “upon.” It is also referred to as the “stratum corneum.” Just like a garden, the skin consists of an outer layer of dead or peeling skin, that has the same function as mulch, deflecting harmful ultraviolet rays, drastic temperature changes, retains moisture and provides water-proofing. When this outer layer is damaged, it can lead to dry skin: “Xerosis Cutis” or “Xeroderma.”
Causes of Dry Skin
Healthy skin is smooth, pliable and soft, moisturized by natural, lipid oils that are secreted by the sebaceous glands; these prevent evaporation, dehydration, and heat loss. Below the dead skin cells are the living skin cells, which include sweat glands, nerve endings and hair follicles.

Symptoms

When the skin is not properly moisturized due to the malfunctioning of the “stratum corneum,” dry skin is the result. Dry skin starts to shrink, like clothes, leading to cracks and fissures. Extreme conditions include pus oozing and bleeding.

Symptoms of dry skin can include the following:

  • Acne-like bumps
  • Cracking
  • Discolouration
  • Flaking
  • Itchiness (Pruritus)
  • “Parched” look
  • Peeling
  • Powder-like deposits
  • Rash
  • Redness
  • Scaling
  • Tightness
  • Uncomfortable feeling.

A doctor should be called when the following serious conditions occur with the dry skin:

  • Bleeding
  • Oozing pus
  • Severe cracks.

Causes

Specific

Most normal, healthy, skin is protected by a thin, layer of oil to prevent damage to more sensitive areas below. The most common specific causes of dry skin are harsh, cleaning chemicals (soap and detergents) and environmental factors (humidity, sun, temperature, and wind.) Many chemicals in common cleaning products strip “lipids” (oils, fats and wax molecules) from the top skin layer, leaving more sensitive layers underneath vulnerable. Every day, the weather can cause dry skin; this can be counteracted with normal lubrication via oil, lotion and cream.

Specific causes of dry skin are numerous, including the following:

  • Alcohol-based cleansers
  • Dehydration
  • Dry heat
  • Excessive washing
  • Harsh chemical cleansers
  • Heating systems – Fireplaces, furnaces, and heaters
  • Malnutrition, a diet provides essential nutrients for skin growth, repair and recovery
  • Medication treatments (like Antihistamines, Antispasmodics, Diuretics, and Retinoids)
  • Sand, sun and wind
  • Temporary, seasonal condition caused by low air humidity.

B.) General Categories

The following names some general dry skin causes:

  • Diabetes – Poor glucose production leads to moisture evaporation
  • Hodgkin’s Disease – Red, itchy patches
  • Ringworm infection – Red, scaly, rash patches caused by fungus
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome – Increases sensitivity to sunlight leading to burnt skin
  • Thyroid conditions – Skin colour may change.

4.) Risk Factors

All people can develop dry skin, but some risk factors lead to more recurring dry skin.

Risk factors for dry skin include the following:

  • Aging
  • Babies, children and women have more sensitive skin
  • Dry, dusty summer beach conditions
  • Dry, winter climate
  • Genetics
  • Hormone changes
  • Living in unhygienic conditions
  • Poor diet – Vitamins A, B, C, E and K are good for skin
  • Rough clothing fabrics
  • Soking.

Prevention Tips

Moisture levels change every day in the skin, thus, it is wise to have lubricating oils, lotions and creams in constant supply. Especially, after bathing it is wise to use lubrication to re-moisturize the body after soaps and body cleansers dry out the skin. People who are concerned with dry skin should avoid high-alkaline, high-alcohol soaps.

People with more sensitive skin should try milder soaps and body washes, with ultra-moisturizing qualities, like Dove, Neutrogena or Oil of Olay, to see which ones have the best chemical pH balance for helping them retain skin moisture. Saunas and warm moderate temperature bathing can help keep skin pores remain clean and healthy.

Moisturizers, like Eucerin and Cetaphil, are good at helping keep water inside the skin after bathing. Apply baby oil when skin is still moist; moisturizing lotion and an extra layer of cleansing cream can help skin during times when dehydration is an increased threat.

It is wise to keep lotion on-hand always, in case, conditions dry skin out, then you can replenish your skin’s moisture quickly. Dry skin can be a vicious cycle – once skin gets dry, it starts to crack, open skin leads to bleeding or infection – which makes it even more difficult to treat. During harsh seasons, it may be wise to control bathing; constant hand washing quickly strips the body of essential oils.

Avoid drying environmental conditions, like the sun’s ultra-violet (UV) rays. Experts have carefully studied the sun’s light, dividing its ultra-violet rays into smaller segments, like UVA, UVB and UVC:

  • UVA – Remains the same strength year-round, can cut through outer epidermis to damage underlying dermis
  • UVB – Intensity changes based on hemisphere and season, most sunblocks protect against
  • UVC – Most dangerous, usually are absorbed by ozone layer.

Using sunblock (sunscreen) with a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) over 15 can help protect against dangerous ultraviolet rays.

Laundry and Detergents

Using powerful detergent, chlorine chemical cleaning products can also dry skin quickly. Eco-friendly, neutral-pH products are best for washing; using protective, latex, rubber gloves while cleaning with harsh chemicals can also protect skin from dehydration. People should apply extra layers of lubrication before-and-after cleaning.

Those who suffer from dry skin must make sure that their towels, clothing and environment are particularly clean. A rough wash cloth can accumulate mold, mildew or dirt that might dry out the skin. Keeping the cleaning environment clean can help prevent dry skin.

Proper nutrition provides the basic vitamins, nutrients and minerals for nourishing the skin: Vitamins A, B, C, E and K are great for the skin. A good multivitamin can help prevent dry skin. Dietary supplements, like Omega-3, can help dry skin. Foods that are great for the skin include: cantaloupe, carrots, cheese, garlic, milk, nuts, onions, peaches, salmon, sardines, seeds, tuna and vegetables, yogurt, walnuts, and whole grains. Pure, extra virgin oils – coconut, olive and safflower – can also help prevent skin damage.

Stop engaging in negative behaviours that dry out the skin, like smoking, to prevent dry skin. Natural fibres, like cotton, can help the skin breathe better than artificial fabrics. A humidifier can also keep moisture in the air.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Testing

The most common tests for dry skin include 1.) “Skin Culture Swab” of the affected area searching for bacteria, fungus or yeast, or 2.) “Skin Lesion Biopsy” looking for serious conditions, like Eczema. These usually are conducted by a dermatologist who will also consider the patient’s family medical history and other risk factors.

Diagnosis Factors

Dermatologists will ask a series of questions in order to gather information that might reveal the source of your dry skin:

  • When did you first notice your dry skin?
  • Do you have a family history of dry skin?
  • Which parts of your body are dry?
  • What are your bathing habits?
  • Are you taking any medication?
  • Do you smoke?

Dry Skin Maladies

Different parts of the body can experience dry skin – face, ears, nose, hands and legs – that require different responses.

The following are the most serious dry skin maladies:

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) – This is a common dry skin condition leading to itchy, scales that could be fish-like and could be caused by food allergens. This occurs when skin cells fail to shed away properly; instead, the dry skin cells build up in polygonal shapes. These scales may turn different colours ranging from white to brown. Flaking, fissures and bleeding may occur. Lesions are also possible: “dry, scaly lesions,” “thick, chronic lesions,” and “weeping lesions.”

  • Asteatotic Eczema (Eczema Craquele or Xerosis) is the abnormal drying of skin that may lead to cracked or fissured patches.
  • Athlete’s Foot is a fungal infection of the foot that leads to dry flaking.
  • Dermatitis is reddened round, scaly, skin.
  • Ichthyosis Vulgaris sufferers experience fish-like scales on their skin.
  • Keratosis Pilaris leads to small, hard, acne-like bumps within hair follicles. This condition may have some genetic characteristics.
  • Nummular Eczema is allergy-related, with red, itchy, scaly lesions that have yellow crusts or pus due to oozing.
  • Psoriasis is a chronic, recurring condition with red, scaly skin that might crack, ooze or bleed.

Treatment Options

Herbal and Home Remedies

The most basic of all cures for dry skin includes drinking plenty of water. There are many homemade remedies for maintaining skin moisture, including the mixture of organic granulated sugar, honey and extra virgin olive oil. Another skin treatment mixture is made of eggs, honey, olive oil and rose water.

Natural oils – almond, avocado, bitter orange, lemon and lime – are good for treating dry skin. Crisco vegetable shortening can be used to treat dry skin.

Vitamins and mineral supplements can assist in curing dry skin:

  • Gotu Kola
  • Green tea
  • Honey
  • Hyaluronic Acid
  • Trypsin.

A milk bath is also a common home remedy to moisturize skin.

Holistic herbs for curing dry skin include these:

  • Borage
  • Calendula flower
  • Chamomille tea
  • Coltsfoot
  • Comfrey plant
  • Dandelion tea
  • Geranium
  • Fennel
  • Hyssop
  • Lavendar oil
  • Oat extract
  • Patchouli
  • Peppermint tea
  • Rose
  • Sandlewood.

Pharmaceutical

External creamy, moisturizing cleansers with glycerin or petrolatum, such as, Aveeno Daily Moisturizing Body Wash or Oil of Olay Sensitive Skin Soap are good for treating dry skin.

Follow this step-by-step procedure for using moisturizers after bathing:

1.) Moisten dry skin
2.) Let water soak in
3.) Pat water to retain moisture
4.) Add bath oils,
5.) Cover body with lotions or creams that aren’t washed off easily.

High moisturizing oils include Neutrogena Light Sesame Seed Oil, Hermal Body Oil, and Alpha-Keri Oil. Wonderful dry skin lotion moisturizers include Lubriderm, Keri and Nutriplus. Skin cleansers, like Cetaphil Lotion, Oilatum-AD and Aquanil are also effective. Great, hypoallergenic, cream, moisturizers for dry skin include Carmol, Cetaphil, Nivea, and Nutraderm.

Additional Ointments

Vaseline Petroleum Jelly is a good moisturizing ointment. Oral Antihistimines that might relieve dry skin include Diphenhydramine (Benadryl), Hydroxyzine (Atarax), and Cetirizine (Zyrtec). Dry skin can lead to annoying itching; Anti-itch products containing Praxomine, Menthol, Camphor, Pramosone, Hydrocortisone, Triamcinolone, Clobetasol are safe to use for treatment.
Treating Dry Sking
A dermatologist might prescribe the following products for Dermatitis: an Immunomodulator, like Tacrolimus or Pimecrolimus. Antibiotics might be needed to treat bacterial infection from serious oozing lesions.

Common drugs for treating dry skin:

  • Accutane
  • Bactroban
  • Benzoyl Peroxide
  • Clobetasol
  • Elidel
  • Hydrocortisone
  • Metrogel
  • Nizoral.

    • When using a combination of Cortisone and moisturizer as a treatment; apply Cortisone first.

Specific Treatments

Eczema can be treated with moisturizing anti-itch oils, lotions, creams, topical Corticosteroids, along with a wet dressing for “weeping lesions.” “Thick, chronic lesions” can be treated with tar-based compounds and anti-inflammatory medicines to lubricate and soften the skin. Antihistamines might attack the allergic problems underlying the symptoms. Dermatologists might prescribe oral Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation or Topical Immunomodulators (TIMs) – Tacrolimus (Protopic) or Pimecrolimus (Elidel) – for hypersensitivity. A cold compress can reduce redness and itchiness.

Keratosis Pilaris has rough patches that can be treated with moisturizing lotions and creams, made of lactic acid, urea, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, and tretonoin, for handling the itchiness. This condition will return if therapy regimen is not continued.

Surgeries

Surgery is an extreme response that isn’t usually used for dry skin problems.

Side effects

Risks

Dry skin that continues as a problem can lead to the following side effects:

  • Bacterial infection
  • Bleeding
  • Cellulitis
  • Discoloration
  • Disfigurement
  • Insomnia
  • Lichenification (roughness)
  • Mental distress
  • Painful cracks
  • Wrinkles.

Efficacy

Most oils, lotions and creams are very effective at treating dry skin when combined with good diet, environment control and other pharmaceuticals, like Antibiotics, for extreme conditions, like pus oozing.

Costs

Most treatments are very affordable.

Resources

WebMd.com Tips
MayoClinic.org

Conditions

Toe Nail Fungus

When fungi infect a nail, the result can be an infection of nail fungus called onychomycosis. A white or yellow spot appearing under the tip of the nail may be the first sign of a nail fungal infection. The nail may become discolored, thickened and develop brittle crumbling edges as the fungus goes deeper into the nail. The condition is usually not painful and often has no other symptoms, but it is unsightly and can be painful for some people. If the nails become very thick, wearing shoes may be uncomfortable unless you trim down the thickness. However, you must use great care when trimming the thickened nail, because excessive bleeding may occur if you cut into the quick.
What Does Toe Nail Fungus Look Like
When a nail is infected, a condition called onycholysis may also develop, which causes the nail to separate from the nail bed. Onycholysis may cause pain in fingertips or toes and produce a faint odor. Toenail fungus can also cause serious complications for people with diabetes or for people with suppressed immune systems.

Toenail fungus infections are often hard to treat, because it is difficult to reach the infection that embeds itself inside the nail. Nails may clear up for a time after treatment only to have the condition recur later. However, there are various home remedies as well as medications available to treat nail fungus. A complete cure of the condition may take as long as a year and sometimes longer.

Symptoms

  • Nails with distorted shapes
  • Thickened nails
  • Nails with crumbly, ragged or brittle edges
  • Nails with a dull appearance
  • Debris build up under the nails causing them to become discolored or to darken

After a fungal infection gets started in a nail, it will usually remain indefinitely unless it is treated, so begin to treat the condition at the first sign of nail fungus.

Risk Factors

  • Living in a warm climate
  • Working in a damp or humid location
  • Shoes and socks that do not absorb perspiration and that hamper ventilation
  • Walking in damp public shower rooms, gyms and swimming pools without shoes on your feet
  • Heavy perspiration
  • Family history of the condition
  • Older age
  • Being in poor health
  • Having athlete’s foot or psoriasis
  • A weak immune system, poor circulation or diabetes
  • An injured nail, injured skin or an infection

Older people usually have reduced blood circulation, and their nails grow slower and get thicker as they age, causing a greater risk for infection. Men tend to be more prone to toenail fungus than women, especially if they have a family history of the condition.

People with immune systems weakened by AIDS, leukemia, cancer treatments or other medication and those who have diabetes or have had an organ transplant should see a doctor immediately if they have symptoms of nail fungus. These infections can spread to other areas of their bodies and cause serious problems. Diabetics frequently have an impaired nerve supply to their feet because of poor blood circulation and have a greater risk of developing a serious skin infection called cellulitis. Even a seemingly minor injury or nail fungal infection can cause potentially serious consequences for people with diabetes.

Even people who do not have weakened immune systems may experience pain and permanent damage to their nails from fungal infections.

Causes

Molds and yeasts or a group of fungi called dermatophytes can cause nail fungal infections. These fungi are microscopic organisms and can survive without sunlight. The warm, moist environments in showers and swimming pools are ideal places for these microscopic organisms to live, and they can attack your skin even through invisible cuts or a tiny separation between your nail and nail bed.

They typically cause infections only when your exposure to warmth and moisture is continuous. Toenail fungus occurs more frequently than fingernail fungus, because shoes provide a perfect warm, moist environment for fungi to flourish, and the blood does not circulate in the toes as well as it does in the fingers, so your immune system does not fight against the infection as effectively in the toes. People over 60 years old usually have a slightly weakened defense against the invasion of fungi, so they are more prone to develop toenail fungus as they age.

Prevention

It is always better and easier to prevent an infection than to attempt to cure it, so here are a few tips to help prevent toenail fungus:

  • Always use good hygiene, keep nails clean and wash your hands after touching a nail that has infection to prevent spreading it to other nails.
  • Keep nails trimmed short and straight across, and file thick areas of your nails.
  • Dry your toes well after swimming or bathing.
  • Wear synthetic socks to draw moisture away and to help keep your feet dryer than they would be if you wore wool or cotton socks. During cold weather, you can wear wool or cotton socks over the synthetic socks to keep your feet warm. If your feet perspire, change your socks frequently. Remove your shoes periodically, and wear open-toed shoes occasionally.
  • Do not cut or tear the skin around your nails to help prevent germs from invading.
  • Wear shoes or flip-flops in public showers and around pools.
  • Treat your feet and the insides of your shoes with anti-fungal powder or spray.
  • If you get pedicures, either bring your own instruments, or ensure that your nail salon sterilizes their instruments before using them on your toes.
  • Do not trap moisture on your nails by wearing polish or artificial nails.

Tests and Diagnosis

Psoriasis, contact dermatitis, yellow nail syndrome, nail bed tumor and other conditions can appear to be a nail fungal infection, so your doctor will need to scrape some of the debris from under your infected nail and analyze it to identify the cause of your infection. Your doctor can examine the debris under a microscope or culture it in a lab. Yeast and bacteria microorganisms as well as fungi can infect your nails, so your doctor can decide on the best treatment when he or she knows what is causing your infection.

Cures and Remedies

Pharmacutical remedies

Toenail fungus is usually hard to heal, and it often recurs after healing. You can get non-prescription ointments and creams to treat it, but they usually are not very successful in curing the infection.

Prescription Lacquer

If your infection is not severe, your doctor may prescribe ciclopirox, an anti-fungal nail polish called Penlac, for you to apply to your nails and skin every day for about a year. You should apply the polish daily for a week, and then use alcohol to wipe off the layers of Penlac and start the process again, keeping it up for a year. It has been effective in clearing some toenail fungus infections when used as directed, and it is usually more effective when used in combination with topical urea cream. Ciclopiroxolamine and butenafine are also used to treat nail fungus and are effective when used every day for a year or longer.

Topical Medications and Lotions

Your doctor may advise you to use other topical anti-fungal medications, and apply them along with a non-prescription lotion that contains urea, which helps them absorb faster. Your doctor may decrease the amount of infected nail to treat with a process called debridement – filing the surface of your nail. That process may increase the topical medications effectiveness. Topical medications normally do not cure the toenail fungus unless you use them in combination with oral medications.

Oral Medications

Your doctor may recommend an oral anti-fungal medication like terbinafine – Lamisil, or itraconazole, – Sporanox. Studies show that these products are the most effective for treating toenail fungus. When you take these medications for six weeks to three months, you should grow a new nail without infection, taking the place of the infected nail. It may take more than four months to get rid of an infection with these medications, and the infection may return if your feet remain in a warm, moist environment. When you use terbinafine in conjunction with amorolfine nail lacquer, it can be more successful and produce more cost effective results.

Oral medication is frequently recommended for people who experience pain or discomfort due to a nail infection, have diabetes or cellulitis and for those who dislike the appearance of their infected toenails and want an effective treatment for it.

Side Effects

Possible side effects of anti-fungal drugs can be as minor as skin rashes or as severe as liver damage. Consequently, doctors may advise people who have liver disease, congestive heart failure or are taking certain medications not to take anti-fungal drugs.

Surgery

If you have a very painful or acute nail infection, your doctor may recommend surgical removal of your nail. You will probably grow a new nail to take its place, but it may be a year long process for it to completely grow back. After removing the infected nail, your doctor may treat the nail bed with ciclopirox to help prevent recurrence of the infection.

Photodynamic Therapy

Photodynamic therapy involves using a laser to irradiate the nail after treating it with an acid. The laser light source kills fungus in the nail bed. Physicians have been using a Noveon-type laser for some types of cataract surgery, and it is now proving to be quite effective at treating toenail fungus with no pain. Even common laser pointers can aid the appearance and growth of an infected nail when they are pointed close to the nail for a few minutes each week.

Home Remedies

Some people prefer to treat toenail fungus with home remedies because they are less expensive, and the medical treatments are not always effective. These home remedies have no controlled clinical trials to prove their effectiveness, but some people have reported that they helped or cured their nail fungus. As with all toenail fungus treatments, it can take a long time six months to a year for any remedy to work, so do not become discouraged and stop the treatment too quickly. If you are persistent, you may find relief for your condition.
Toe Nail Fungus Natural Remedies

Vinegar

Studies have shown that vinegar hampers the growth of certain bacteria. Experts recommend that you soak your feet in a solution of one part vinegar to two parts warm water for 15 to 20 minutes every day. After soaking, rinse and dry your feet well. If the vinegar soak causes irritation, make the solution weaker, or soak for a shorter time or less frequently.

Vicks VapoRub

People with toenail fungus have reported that applying Vicks VapoRub to the affected area has helped with the condition. Your doctor can advise you about how to use this remedy to gain the most benefit from it.

Hydrogen Peroxide

Some people have reported that applying hydrogen peroxide to infected nails daily helps the condition to some extent. The peroxide helps to control the excessive bleeding that occurs if you trim a nail too closely.

Bleach

You may be able to cure toenail fungus with household bleach diluted in water and applied to the toenail.

Use toenail clippers to trim your nails as short as you can without cutting into the quick. This assures that the bleach will reach more of the fungus. File the toenails down from the top, using care not to go through the nails. There are several different methods for treating toenail fungus with bleach.

  • Mix one part of bleach with ten parts of water and apply to your infected toenails with a cotton swab. Leave the mixture on your toenails, and apply a fresh coat of the solution twice a day.
  • Use a bleach pen to apply bleach to your toenails after bathing, and do not rinse it off.
  • Mix one part of bleach to ten parts of water and soak your feet in the solution for 15 to 20 minutes every day. Thoroughly rinse and dry your feet after soaking.
  • You may soak your feet in the mixture for 30 minutes one time a week if your condition is less severe, or to eliminate the possibility of recurrence after a cure.

Keep soaking your feet for at least three months to be certain that your fungus is completely eliminated. If you do not see improvement in a few months, continue the treatment for at least a year before giving up. If you are not consistent with the treatment and let it lapse, the fungus may get stronger, and you will have to start over.

HERBAL REMEDIES

Some natural ingredients are successful in helping to heal fungus, but they may not work very quickly or be as effective as you would like them to be. However, there have been some very effective products developed recently, and they seem to produce successful results rather quickly. The following products were tested and proved to remove toenail fungus and improve toenail appearance dramatically.

ZetaClear has proved to be effective in treating toenail fungus with all natural ingredients. The product proved to be 100% effective in tests, and most users reported improvement in about two weeks. Their toenails were free of fungus after about three months, but some people kept using the product for a while longer to ensure that the infection would not recur. They reported clear, shiny healthy looking nails after using the product. ZetaClear uses natural oils in its formula and is extremely potent, but it does not cause skin irritation.

Fungisil is another highly effective product and produces the same results as ZetaClear, but it may take about a month longer for some people to eliminate toenail fungus. Fungisils success rate is also 100% and leaves users with healthy nails after treatment.

Another natural treatment for toenail fungus is Nail-Rx by Native Remedies. It has a 90% rate of success and provides excellent results for most users. The fungal infection was completely gone after only three months of use for 80% of those tested.

ALTERNATIVE REMEDIES

The following remedies have no scientific verification, but have been effective in treating toenail fungus for some people.

  • Some people report curing toenail fungus with Australian tea tree oil, but there is no verification of its effectiveness.
  • Some studies show that Thyme oil has the potential to be effective in treating toenail fungus.
  • Some people believe that grapefruit seed extract is a natural antimicrobial, but studies show that the antimicrobial activity in the extract may be due to contamination with synthetic preservatives that were probably not made from grapefruit seeds.

Cost of Treatment

  • The cost of laser treatment can be from $1000 to $2500, and insurance policies usually do not cover the procedure.
  • Oral medication may have a cost of around $1000.
  • Natural remedies can cost from about $100 to $200, and many of them are highly effective.
  • Non-prescription creams and ointments are fairly inexpensive sometimes costing less than $20 – but are usually not very effective.
  • Alternative remedies usually cost less than $50, but there are no studies proving their effectiveness.
  • Home remedies are very economical and usually use products that you already have in your kitchen.

It does not seem to matter whether you use prescription medication, natural products or home remedies to treat toenail fungus it takes at least a minimum of three months to cure, and sometimes the process takes over a year. Depending on the method of treatment you choose, it can also be quite expensive. Whichever remedy you decide to use, be patient and persistent, use good hygiene and common sense and then finally say good-bye to toenail fungus.

Antioxidants

Oleuropein

Description of Oleuropein

Oleuropein is the active ingredient or glucoside, found in green olives and olive leaf. Olive leaf is found on the olive tree. Another active ingredient found in olive leaf is hydroxytyrosol, polyphenols, flavonoids, and Oleocanthal. Oleuropein and olive oil, extracted from green olives and olive leaves, are known in alternative medicine for its medicinal benefits.

Scientists began to evaluate the benefits of oleuropein, olive leaf, and olive oil. These studies began when scientists noticed that individuals in the Mediterranean consistently showed a lower occurrence of heart disease and cancers. The cancers with the lowest incidence were prostate and colon cancers. Scientists attributed this finding to the diet consisting of mostly fruits, vegetables, peas and fish. But more importantly, it is attributed to olive oil comprising the majority of the fat content within the diet.
Oleuropein Uses
Oleuropein or olive oil is known for its anti-aging effects, its antifungal properties, its anti-infllamatory properties, its antibiotic properties and its immunostimulators. Olive leaf extracts have also been known to lower blood pressure. Scientists discovered, in an international study, that olive leaf extract contained twice the antioxidants of green tea extract and 400 percent higher than Vitamin C.

Individuals, who practice alternative medicine, use olive leaf or Oleuropein for the following purposes:

  • Natural pathogens killer: It kills pathogens by preventing pathogens from replicating.
  • Colds
  • Flus
  • Yeast Infections
  • Heart Disease
  • Lowering Bad Cholesterol or Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
  • Lowers Blood Pressure
  • Increases Blood Flow
  • Treats Epstein-Barr Disease
  • Treats Shingles
  • Treats Herpes

Because of its remarkable antioxidant properties, oleuropein protects the body from free radicals. When free radicals undergo the oxidation process, they may cause cellular damage if they exist in the body in excess for extended periods of time. Free radicals are highly reactive. Therefore, antioxidants must be introduced to prevent development of diseases such as cancer and other diseases.

Oleuropein is a polyphenol extracted from the leaves, bark, root, and fruit of the olive tree. The olive tree contains agents that make it highly resistant to insect damage and other diseases. Oleuropein is also classified as an iridoid.

This plant substance is present in olive oil and in the olive tree. Another agent contained in oleuropein is elenolic acid. This particular acid is particularly useful in maintaining the body’s immune system. This portion of oleuropein, elenoic acid, balances bacteria, while promoting a healthy immune system.

History and Origin of Usage

The olive leaf extract has been used for thousands of years. The Egyptians and the Mediterranean cultures have long used this particular extract to alleviate a number of health conditions.

Myths Associated with Oleuropein

Thousands of years ago, the Egyptians recognized the olive leaf as a symbol of heavenly power. The Egyptians used the extracted oil to mummify their Egyptian kings. Olive leaf was also used in the 1880s to alleviate symptoms associated with malaria. Biblical references were also made to the olive tree as “The Tree of Life.” Scientists believed the ancient people referred to the olive tree as “The Tree of Life” because of its medicinal properties. Even ancient people recognized the efficacy of the supplement.

How Oleuropein is used

Oleuropein is often found in a tea form. The tea is based upon the olive leaf. While green tea has many antioxidant benefits, oleuropein and olive leaf have double the anti-oxidant effects of green tea. Some of the benefits of oleuropein are listed below:

  • Helps Lower Cholesterol
  • Combats Viruses
  • Prevents Cold Sores and Herpes
  • Possesses Anti-Fungal Properties
  • Possesses Anti-Bacterial Properties
  • Maintains A Strong and Balanced Immune System
  • Fights Common Cold and Flu

Olive leaf extracts or oleuropein may also be found in topical creams. Oleuropein is often found in soaps and moisturizers. The active agent, oleuropein, helps to repair the skin.

Some experts believe that 50 grams of olive oil per day is thought to have an equivalent effect to 0.1 of the adult ibuprofen dosage and use.

Many physicians suggest that the polyphenols in red wine have an antioxidant effect. Similarly, the polyphenols in oleuropein have an antioxidant effect in reducing the oxidation of bad or LDL cholesterol. Olive oil contains more antioxidants than a glass of red wine. However, most enjoy wine over olive oil.

In the form of olive oil, oleuropein may be used in a variety of home remedies as well. Some of the most popular ones are listed below:

  • Promote healthy skin

    • Olive oil contains at least 4 different antioxidants. These antioxidants assist in eliminating free radicals in the body. Free radicals assist in skin aging. Olive oil helps to fight skin cancer and aging.

    Ozonated olive oil is also supposed to soothe the skin as well. Some experts recommend boiling ozonated olive oil until it forms into a paste. Rub the paste onto the skin for soothing and healing promotion.

    Olive oil contains a significant amount of a natural emollient called squalene. Squalene is able to moisturize the skin without leaving a film behind. Olive oil is also rich in vitamins A and E. Both of these vitamins contain healing properties for the skin. Polyphenols are also present. Each of these vitamins is prevalent in many beauty products.

  • Alleviate an earache

    • Some alternative medicine providers recommend olive oil as a natural remedy for earaches. Sufferers are advised to apply the olive oil to a cotton swab and gently massage the out portion of the ear cavity. This is supposed to alleviate some of the associated pain and loosen the earwax. Some individuals suggest heating the oil for added benefit.

  • Control hair frizz

    • Olive oil provides relief from damaged hair. Simply apply the oil to the hair, while the hair is wet. Allow the oil to remain on the hair for 30 minutes. Rinse the oil from the hair. Enjoy the lustrous look and feel of the hair.

  • Bad sunburn

    • Individuals suffering from sunburn should to mix olive oil with white vinegar. Pour the mixture into a warm bath. The healing agents in olive oil sooth the skin and alleviate the burning sensation.

  • Dandruff problems

    • To alleviate symptoms associated with dandruff, mix olive oil with almond oil. Leave the product on the scalp for five minutes. Rinse the mixture from the hair to remove the dandruff. If the oil burns the scalp, rinse it immediately.

  • Shaving

    • Individuals who have sensitive skin may want to use olive oil as a shaving lubricant. The oils natural healing agents will soothe the skin.

  • Energy booster
    • Cure Diaper Rash
    • Hair Tonic
    • Personal Lubricant
    • Soothe a Sore Throat
    • Treat Lice
    • Remove Makeup or Paint from the Skin
    • Soothe Ulcers
    • Exfoliate Hands and Face
    • Moisturize Cuticles

    • Olive oil or oleuropein help to ward off fungi and yeast accumulation. Both of these may contribute to fatigue and lethargy. Individuals who consume oil on a daily basis have more energy to function.

    Other ailments that are alleviated by olive oil are as follows:

Forms of Oleuropein

Olive leaf is available to the consumer in a variety of forms. Oleuropein may be consumed by the individuals from olive leaf, olive leaf extracts, or fresh-picked leaf extracts in the following forms:

  • Liquid Concentrate
  • Dried Leaf Tea
  • Powder
  • Capsule

Consumers may choose to select the form based upon the type that is easiest for them to consume. Alternatively, the form may be selected based upon the amount of time it takes for the drug to be consumed into the blood stream.

What Oleuropein is Proven to do

Olive leaf contains oleuropein. One of the active ingredients in oleuropein is polyphenol. Polyphenols are helpful in finding free radicals and eliminating them to prevent disease. Several studies demonstrate the efficacy of olive leaf in the prevention of LDL cholesterol. The extract works by inhibiting LDL oxidation.
Side Effects of Oleuropein
High LDL levels are linked to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques contribute to the formation of coronary heart disease. Active ingredients in the olive leaf have also prevented metal ion chelation and perioxidative chain reactions.

These two processes have been cited by scientists as playing a role in the development of heart disease and cancer. Olive leaf may also be beneficial in inhibiting enzymes that contribute to the inflammatory process, as well as, platelet aggregation, and inhibition of procarcinogen activation.

Though people who consume olive oil on a regular basis benefit from its health ramifications, there is no conclusive data indicating each of the benefits of oleuropein. Studies are being conducted with rodent subjects to determine the results conclusively. Each of the components of olive leaf, oleuropein, tyrosol, polyphenols and others must be studied separately in order to determine the efficacy of each component.

Typical Dosage and Usage Requirements

Since no research has been conducted to establish the necessity of oleuropein in a person’s daily diet, the Food and Drug Administration does not establish a Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) with this particular supplement. More studies must be conducted to prove the efficacy of the supplement in an individual’s daily diet.

Individuals who desire to begin a regimen including olive leaf or oleuropein should follow the instruction of a physician or the label on the bottle. In general, however, individuals are recommended to take between 1 and 3 capsules with meals daily. Alternatively, if the person is ill, they should consume 1 capsule every 4 and 6 hours.

The pure form of oleuropein is combined with the inactive ingredients listed below to form a capsule:

  • Glycerin
  • Silicon Dioxide
  • Magnesium Stearate
  • Vegetable Cellulose

The product typically remains fresh and consumable for 2 years. Most forms originate from the Olea Europaea Olive Leaf Tree and stem. The leaves are gathered annually. The oil is extracted through a hydroenthanolic process. The capsule form of oleuropein contains no yeast, corn, wheat, gluten, soy, milk, preservatives or colors.

Regional Legal Status

This particular supplement is widely used within the Mediterranean diet and has been proven safe for consumption. There are no known regions that restrict the use of this particular supplement in the diet. Therefore, it is safe to consume oleuropein in any region of the country.

Potential Side Effects

Individuals with low blood pressure and diabetes may suffer even lower blood pressure and blood glucose levels as a result of consumption of oleuropein. Oleuropein may also interact with other pharmaceutical drugs that are designed to lower blood pressure or regulate diabetes. The interaction could result in a dangerous situation. Those who experience symptoms such as headache, nausea, flu-like symptoms, fainting, dizziness, and other life threatening symptoms should consult a physician immediately.

Those who are pregnant should conduct their physician before use. Keep the physician informed of each medication that you are taking in order to avoid unpleasant interactions or side effects.

Where to Purchase Oleuropein

Oleuropein may be purchased in any health food store or online. The amounts and forms that oleuropein will vary from store to store, depending upon the availability. The dosage ranges from 150 milligrams to 700 milligrams of olive leaf or oleuropein. The number of capsules or tablets per bottle range from 30 to 120.

Some of the popular brands of Oleuropein or Olive Leaf include:

  • Physiologics
  • Nature’s Way Products
  • Nature’s Herbs
  • Pure Encapsulations
  • Karuna
  • Bio-Botanical Research
  • Phytopharmica
  • Priority One
  • Natrol
  • Olivenol
  • Only Natural
  • Pastore Formulations

The Cost of Oleuropein

The prices of these forms of oleuropein vary based upon the potency, the brand, the amount per bottle, the type, and the store. For example, a consumer may purchase a bottle of 150 mg capsules of olive leaf for approximately $10. The bottle may contain 60 caplets. Alternatively, a consumer may purchase a bottle of 500 mg capsules of olive leaf for a little over $60. The costs vary significantly based upon the aforementioned attributes. Consumers are advised to shop around and conduct research to determine the best price for this particular supplement.

Vitamins

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body’s fatty tissue and liver. These vitamins are used over a period of time unlike water soluble vitamins that need to be replenished daily. Individuals with an inability to digest fats, as in intestinal disorders or persons with reduced consumption because of low fat diets, may have deficiencies in fat soluble vitamins, which include A, D, E and K. Excesses occur in the body as fat soluble vitamins are not as readily eliminated.

A healthy well-balanced diet containing foods from all four food groups is the way to ensure the body is obtaining adequate amounts of these vitamins.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A consists of retinols and carotenes (alpha, beta and gamma), which are converted in the body after consuming animal and plant products. The vitamin in carotene form is transformed into retinol while in storage, or into the active form retinal, and back again as needed. Vitamin A conversion takes place in the intestine. Healthy sources of vitamin A include:

  • Animal fats
  • Butter, buttermilk or margarine
  • Cod liver oil or oily fish
  • Egg yolks
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Liver
  • Yellow/orange fruits and vegetables

Purpose

Vitamin A is essential for fighting infection, maintaining healthy body tissues, and contributes to bone and teeth development. In reproduction, vitamin A in retinal form, binds to the nucleus of cells and assists with beginning and ending gene transcription, making it essential in neonatal development and ongoing growth and repair. Vitamin A, in the form of retinal, binds to the rods and cones of the eye, permitting light adaptation and the ability to see color.
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A as retinoic acid is a successful acne treatment as it shrinks sebaceous glands and inhibits secretions. In the form of isotretinoin, vitamin A decreases the number of skin bacteria and the bacterial nutrient sebum.

Recommended Daily Dosages:

  • Infants require 1,300 to 1,650 IU daily depending on age.
  • Children require 1,000 to 2.000 IU daily depending on age.
  • Women require 2,300 IU of vitamin A daily.
  • Men require 3,000 IU of vitamin A daily.

Deficiencies

Getting less than the minimal daily requirements is a concern for children in third world countries. Another form of deficiency occurs in persons who eat low fat diets, conditions that prevent fat absorption, or those subjected to chronic oxidants like cigarette smoke.

Inadequate amounts of vitamin A cause a preventable form of blindness as keratin deposits and builds up on the cornea, causing erosion and destruction. Deficiencies of this vitamin lead to impaired growth and development, inability to fight infection, malfunction of the gastric, urinary, and respiratory systems due to impaired tissue development, night blindness and dry, thickened and peeling skin.

Toxicity

Excessive vitamin A intake results in anorexia, bone and joint pain, changes in mental state, drying and peeling skin and lips, yellow/orange discolored skin, hair loss, vomiting and weakness. Taking vitamin A in amounts exceeding the daily requirement, results in birth defects in unborn children.

Tips: Though vitamin A is not destroyed by cooking, freezing foods could result in a 10-20% loss.

Vitamin D

Whether absorbed and synthesized by the skin or ingested, vitamin D is absorbed by the liver through the blood and transformed into calcidiol. Once converted, vitamin D is transported to the kidneys and the immune system through the blood. In the kidneys, vitamin D is transformed again and recirculated in the blood where it binds to receptor sites throughout the body. The skin only synthesizes the necessary amount of the vitamin, after which it is no longer manufactured, so overdoses cannot occur in this manner.

The vitamin D group contains D2 (calciferol), D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol), D4 (22-dihydroergoasterol) and D5 (dehydrositosterol). Healthy sources of vitamin D include:

  • Butter fat
  • Cod liver oil, salmon, and oily fish
  • Egg yolks
  • Foods that have been irradiated
  • Fortified milk and foods
  • Sunlight

Purpose

In the blood, vitamin D regulates calcium and phosphorus, thus contributing to bone and teeth formation.

Vitamin D also aids in white blood cell production and determination. The vitamin increases infection fighting white cell activity and contributes to the chemical white cells excrete in combating bacteria, fungus and viruses. Some research studies suggest that increasing daily intake to 1000 IU daily has a dramatic effect in preventing cancer.

Because of vitamin D’s wide range of abilities, persons found to have low levels overall had higher mortality rates and premature aging due to body malfunction.

Recommended Daily Dosages

Infants to adults require 200 IU of vitamin D daily. Elderly adults require 400 IU daily.

Deficiencies

Persons getting less than the minimal daily requirements experience irritability, weakness, malabsorption of calcium and phosphorus causing poorly developed or deformed bones and teeth in a condition known as rickets. Adults may experience osteomalacia, where bones thin, become fragile and are accompanied by muscle weakness.

Toxicity

Ingesting excessive amounts of vitamin D results in abnormal kidney function, anorexia, anxiety, excessive urination and thirst, excessive blood calcium levels, nausea, vomiting and weakness.

Tips

15 minutes of exposure to sunlight daily allows the skin to synthesize enough vitamin D for 24 hours. However, vitaimin D deficiencies are still noted in third world countries where there is an abundance of sunshine. Individuals are advised to consume meats or fortified milk and foods to ensure an adequate intake.

Vitamin E

The vitamin E group consists of tocopherols and tocotrienols and each has four forms, alpha, beta, delta and gamma. The human body requires alpha-tocopherols. Vitamin E is absorbed by the liver from the intestine and recirculates it through the bloodstream. Healthy sources of vitamin E include:

  • Asparagus
  • Avocado
  • Eggs
  • Leafy green vegetables
  • Milk
  • Nuts
  • Rice
  • Seeds
  • Vegetable oils
  • Wheat germ
  • Whole grain foods

Tocotrienols are specifically found in barley and other grains, nuts, saw palmetto, wheat germ and vegetable oils.

Purpose

Vitamin E is essential for maintaining healthy cell membranes as it is believed to act as an antioxidant which minimizes aging effects and disease processes brought about by free radicals on the body. Free radicals are molecules with an unpaired electron. These combine with oxygen to cause damaging effects commonly associated with cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Tocotrienols have been researched and show promise in protecting brain cells against damage, inhibiting cancer and decreasing blood cholesterol. The unsaturated chain increases absorption into fatty tissue making it more effective as a protectant.

Vitamin E in the lining of blood vessel walls helps minimize build up of harmful plagues and blood clots. In addition, early research suggests that vitamin E may play a part in preventing age related macular degeneration in the elderly.

Recommended Daily Dosage

  • Infants require 6.75 to 10 IU of vitamin E daily.
  • Children require 9 to 10 IU of vitamin E daily.
  • Adults require 22 IU of vitamin E daily.

Deficiencies

Inadequate amounts of vitamin E result in edema, muscle weakness and neurological deficits related to poor nerve conduction. Anemia occurs as a result of red blood cell damage.

Toxicity

Excessive doses cause breast enlargement, blurred vision, headaches, flu-like symptoms, hemorrhagic strokes and prolonged bleeding times. Administering the vitamin to low birth weight infants may result in colitis and sepsis. Pregnant women are advised against taking vitamin E supplements as they cause congenital heart defects in unborn children.
Benefits of Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin K

The vitamin K group consists of K1 (phyloloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone). Synthetic forms of the vitamin include K3 (menadione) found in pet foods (but banned in OTC use), K4 and K5, which inhibits fungal growth. K2 is naturally manufactured by the bacteria in the large intestine. Vitamin K requires bile salts and fats to be properly absorbed. Healthy food sources include:

  • Avocados
  • Dairy products
  • Eggs
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Kiwi fruit
  • Meats

Purpose

The vitamin allows the liver to synthesize clotting factors ( II, VII, IX and X), which are vital in preventing bleeding abnormalities. Vitamin K is used as an antidote for coumadin and hemorrhagic rat poisons.

Topically, the vitamin is prescribed to diminish post surgical bruising, broken capillaries, rosacea and dark under eye circles. As infants are not born with the intestinal bacteria necessary to form vitamin K, an injectible form is administered.

There is a correlation between vitamin D and K in the development of healthy teeth and bones. Ongoing research suggests that vitamin K reduces liver and prostate cancers.

Recommended Daily Dosage

  • Newborns receive 0.5 to 1.0 mg injections of vitamin K at birth.
  • Infants require 10 to 20 mcg of vitamin K daily.
  • Children require 15 to 100 mcg of vitamin K daily, depending on age.
  • Women require 90 mcg of vitamin K daily.
  • Men require 120 mcg of vitamin K daily.

Deficiencies

Inadequate amounts of vitamin K result in prolonged bleeding times or hemorrhagic conditions. Individuals with intestinal disease are unable to manufacture vitamin K and are in need of supplementation. Prolonged use of large doses of antibiotics annihilate the bacteria necessary to produce vitamin K.

Toxicity

Vitamin K3 has been banned from OTC supplements as ingestion results in allergic reactions, anemia and destruction of liver cells.

Tips

1 tablespoon of parsley contains 153% of the FDA’s recommended daily allowances of vitamin K.

Resources

WebMd.Com
Cdc.Gov
National Institute of Health

Vitamins

Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is an unstable viscous oil that is sensitive to acids, bases, and heat. It is biologically active in the forms of coenzyme A (CoA) and acyl carrier protein. It is an essential nutrient that’s crucial to a number of life-sustaining reactions in the human body. One of the B vitamins, pantothenic acid, or B5 is found in virtually every food source. In fact, the name pantothenic acid is derived from the Greek word pantos which means “from everywhere.”
Vitamin B5 Information
Vitamin B5 goes by a number of different names, which can make it difficult to clearly identify if the nutrient is present in a particular food, medicine, or cosmetic preparation. Generally, if any of the following ingredients are listed, the nutrient is present:

  • Vitamin B5
  • VitaminB-5
  • B Complex Vitamin
  • Coenzyme A
  • Pantothenic Acid
  • Calcii Pantothenas
  • Calcium D-Pantothenate
  • Calcium Pantothenate
  • D-Calcium Pantothenate
  • D-Panthenol,
  • D-Pantothenic Acid
  • D-Panthenol
  • D-Pantothenyl Alcohol
  • Panthenol
  • Pantothenate
  • Pantothenic Acid
  • Pantothenol
  • Pantothenylol,
  • Dexpanthenol
  • Dexpanthenolum
  • Calcii pantothenas
  • C9H17NO5
  • D (+)- N -(2,4-dihydroxy-3, 3-dimethylbutyryl)-beta-alanine
  • D(+)-pantothenic acid

It can be most often found in commercial supplements as D-pantothenate (D-calcium pantothenate). Dexpanthenol is considered a provitamin form of the nutrient and is the alcohol of pantothenic acid. Dexpanthenol is used in various cosmetic products and is available in topical treatments to promote wound healing.

B5 in the Body

B5, or pantothenic acid is necessary for the human body’s chemical reactions that generate energy from food. In addition to serving an important role in releasing energy from foods, B5 in the form of CoA is also important for the synthesis of foods into fatty acids and cholesterol, as well as the creation of sphingosine. This fat-like molecule plays an important role in delivering chemical messages inside the body’s cells. Finally, B5, in its CoA form, is needed for the liver to safely metabolize several drugs and toxins.

Because pantothenic acid is in the form of Coenzyme A in most food sources, the body has to convert it into free pantothenic acid so that it can be absorbed by the intestinal cells. This conversion takes place within the lumen of the intestine where CoA is hydrolyzed A through a series of enzymatic reactions to produce pantothenic acid which is then absorbed by passive diffusion into the intestinal cells by a sodium-dependent transport system.

Dietary Needs

The Institute of Medicine at the National Academy of Sciences set adequate intake guidelines for B5 in 1998. According to those guidelines, recommended average daily intakes of pantothenic acid should range from 5 to 6 mg. per day in adults.

It is noteworthy that the human body’s need for the nutrient increases with age as indicated below:

Age Required mg/day

  • 0-6 months 1.7
  • 7-12 months 1.8
  • 1-3 years 2
  • 4-8 years 3
  • 9-13 years 4
  • 14-18 years 5
  • 19+ 5

In addition, women who are pregnant should get 6 mg. each day. Women who are breast-feeding should ensure a daily intake of 7 mg. daily. Except in the case of extreme malnutrition, most people get adequate amounts of B5 or panthothenic acid through a healthy, balanced diet.

The symptoms of vitamin B5 deficiency are much like other B vitamin deficiencies. Because of low Coenzyme A levels there is low energy production, which can in turn causes fatigue, irritability and general apathy. In addition a deficiency in panththenic acid may also result in increased insulin sensitivity, or hypoglycemia.

Pantothenic acid sources

Approximately 85 percent of pantothenic acid found in food sources is present in the form of coenzyme A. There are several food sources that are rich in vitamin B5 including kidney, liver, avocado, yogurt, and sunflower seeds. Other foods such as fish and shellfish, chicken, milk, sweet potato, mushrooms, legumes, avocado and sweet potatoes are also excellent sources of the nutrient.

Although whole grains are also a good source of pantothenic acid; up to 75 percent of the nutrient can be lost in processing since it is largely found in the outer components of raw grains. Likewise, because it is a water-soluble nutrient, up to 50 percent of pantothenic acid in food is lost in processing and cooking.

The following provides a quick look at some of the richest sources of pantothenic acid:

  • Food Serving Size B5 (mg)
  • Calf’s Liver (braised) 4 oz. 2.59
  • Sunflower Seeds (raw) ¼ C. 2.43
  • Avocado 1 whole 1.99
  • Low-fat Yogurt 8 oz. 1.35
  • Yellow Corn (cooked) 1 Cup 1.44
  • Chicken (cooked) 3 oz. 0.98
  • Milk 8 oz. 0.83
  • Winter Squash (baked) 1 Cup 0.72
  • Mushrooms ½ C. chopped 0.52

In addition to occurring naturally in many foods, B5 is frequently found in combination with the other B vitamins in commercially available B Complex formulas, which also include thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pyridoxine (B6), cyanocobalamin (B12), and folic acid.

Finally, researchers have found that the bacteria that normally colonize the colon, or large intestine, are capable of manufacturing their own pantothenic acid.

Unfortunately, scientists are not yet certain if humans have the capability to absorb the pantothenic acid that is produced by their own intestinal bacteria. Even so, a specialized process for the uptake of pantothenic acid has been identified within cultured cells taken from the colon’s lining. This suggests that humans may indeed be able to absorb the pantothenic acid produced by their intestinal bacteria.

B5/pantothenic Acid in Use

The therapeutic and medicinal uses for pantothenic acid are numerous and varied, including treatment of acne, adrenal gland stimulation, allergies, Alzheimer’s disease, the prevention of anxiety, asthma, autism, carpel tunnel syndrome, celiac disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, colitis, dandruff, depression, diaper rash, eczema, gray hair, head ache, hypoglycemia, hypotension, enhancement of immune function, prevention of infection, insomnia, lupus, multiple sclerosis, muscle cramps, muscular dystrophy, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, pink eye, PMS, poison ivy, respiratory disorders, shingles, skin disorders, vertigo, and many others maladies.
Types of Vitamin B5
Nonetheless, there isn’t sufficient scientific evidence available to determine just how effective the nutrient is as a treatment for most of these claims. Because the nutrient is so widely prevalent, many studies have been done and continue to be done to determine effective uses. A few of the uses that have shown positive results include:

Wound healing—When tested on animals, the application of a pantothenol ointment to the skin and ingestion of oral pantothenic acid has proven to accelerate the closure of skin wounds and to strengthen the resulting scar tissue. Most of the tests with these encouraging results have been conducted on animals and there is not enough data to be conclusive that the same benefits are applicable to humans.

High cholesterol—A pantothenic acid derivative known as pantethine has reportedly shown a cholesterol-lowering effect. While the results of the controlled tests have been promising in the studies that have been conducted, it’s important to keep in mind that pantethine is not a dietary supplement. Rather, the body derives it from pantothenic acid. For this reason, using it to self-treat high cholesterol is not recommended without the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider.

Acne—A study from 1995, published by Dr. Lit-Hung Leung, provided evidence that high doses of B5 decreased pore size and helped to resolve acne. The study was conducted on Asian adults who received anywhere from 10 to 20 grams of pantothenic acid daily. This high dose is equivalent of up to 100,000 times the recommended daily amount; 80 percent of the daily dose was orally ingested, while 20 percent was applied topically.

ADHD—Confliciting evidence exists as to whether or not pantothenic acid in concert with large doses of other vitamins is effective for the treatment of ADHD or Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.

Toxicity and Interactions

Generally, pantothenic acid is not known to be a toxic substance for humans. Moderate doses of pantothenic acid do not appear to cause side effects in any notable way. However, if an allergy exists, B5 or pantothenic acid supplements should not be added to the diet.

On the other hand, while the recommended daily allowance does not appear to cause any problems, large doses of pantothenic acid taken orally have been known to cause diarrhea. In addition, when using dexpanthenol topically, skin irritation has been an often-cited reaction. This is particularly notable because dexpanthenol is a common ingredient in a number of cosmetic products.

There has been some anecdotal findings of increased bleeding time with dexpanthenol causing a concern for a risk of bleeding when the supplement is combined with other substances that also indicate a risk for bleeding. In fact, there have been a number of cases of bleeding reported when the despanthenol was used in conjunction with Ginkgo biloba, as well as a few cases when combine with garlic and saw palmetto. For people who suffer from hemophilia, there is certainly increased risk when taking dexpanthenol.

Finally, women taking oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestin, may need to increase their daily intake of B5 because of an increased need for the nutrient when estrogen and progestin are being taken.

Sources:

National Institute of Health

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-vitaminb5.html

WebMD

http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-853-PANTOTHENIC+ACID+VITAMIN+B5.aspx?activeIngredientId=853&activeIngredientName=PANTOTHENIC+ACID+%28VITAMIN+B5%29&source=3

Oregon State University, Linus Pauling Institute, Micronutrient Information Center

http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/pa/

The George Mateljan Foundation for the World’s Healthiest Foods

http://www.whfoods.com/genpage.php?tname=nutrient&dbid=87

Wikipedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenic_acid

Drugs.com

http://www.drugs.com/npp/pantothenic-acid.html

Vitamin & Herb University

http://www.vitaminherbuniversity.com/topic.asp?categoryid=1&topicid=1013

Conditions

Dizziness

Dizziness Overview

Dizziness, often referred to as vertigo or feeling light-headed, is associated with a multitude of conditions. It can be a side effect of a common ailment, or it may indicate the presence of a more serious and even life threatening illness.

Vertigo, while often associated with dizziness, is a little bit different and can be described as the sensation of motion or spinning of either yourself, or objects around you. People diagnosed with multiple sclerosis may present with sudden vertigo due to limited ability to move the eyes.
Dizziness Symptoms

Dizziness can accompany many health issues including:

  • Fainting or near fainting, loss of consciousness.
  • Changing your posture too fast, such as standing up quickly, or sudden movement after an extended period of being still. People who have undergone an extended period of bed rest may experience dizziness after getting up.
  • Motion sickness that may or may not be associated with a car, plane, boat or other mode of transportation.
  • Fatigue due to lack of sleep or illness.
  • Flu or severe cold.

Dizziness Symptoms

While the feeling of dizziness is a symptom by itself, it is often accompanied by other symptoms which may include:

  • Confusion and disorientation.
  • Balance Issues or problems with equilibrium.
  • General fatigue due to lack of sleep or illness.
  • Feeling light-headed.
  • Feeling pale, weak or having the cold sweats.
  • Headache or migraine.
  • Chest pain.
  • Vomiting or nausea.
  • Tingling and weakness in the arms and legs.
  • Numbness in the face, arms or legs.
  • Abnormal pulse, either faster or slower than usual.

Common Causes of Dizziness

The feeling of being light-headed or dizzy can stem from a myriad of causes ranging from less serious to life threatening and may include:

  • High or low blood pressure
  • Heart irregularities or a weakened heart muscle
  • Stroke
  • Tumor
  • Headaches or migraines, sinus congestion or allergies
  • Fainting or near fainting
  • Dementia or other age related conditions
  • Consumption of drugs or alcohol
  • Inner ear issues such as infection
  • Medications, or missing a dose of a prescribed medication
  • Blood oxygen levels
  • Low blood sugar
  • Dehydration due to illness, physical activity or heat stroke
  • Blood circulation issues
  • Hardening of the arteries
  • Neuropathy, a side effect of diabetes
  • Anemia
  • Infection
  • Internal bleeding
  • Diseases involving the thyroid, adrenal glands or pituitary gland
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Hyperventilation
  • As a side effect of radiation or chemotherapy
  • Carbon monoxide toxicity

Dizziness can also be a side effect of the following conditions:

  • Ménière’s disease
  • Peripheral vestibular disorders
  • Central neurological disorders
  • Heart Disease
  • Cancer
  • Down syndrome
  • Cervical spondylosis
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Addison’s Disease
  • Alpine syndrome
  • Anorexia Nervosa

If your dizziness is accompanied by one or more of the following issues, you should contact your doctor, call 911, or visit the emergency room:

  • A head injury
  • Severe dehydration and confusion
  • Chest pain
  • Loss of consciousness
  • High fever

Signs of a stroke, including a change in vision or speech, loss of movement in any part of the body, weakness, shortness of breath.

Tests and Diagnostics

If your dizziness is severe or lasts more than a few days, and is not associated with another ailment or condition such as the flu, cold, or other common illness, you may need to visit your doctor to find out the cause. He will likely ask a series of questions and run one or more tests to check for contributing factors.

Your doctor will ask you to describe the dizziness, when it started and any other factors that may have accompanied the sensation of feeling light-headed. He will also review your medical history to rule out any past illnesses or injuries as the source and may ask for a brief description of your family’s medical history as well.

Common questions your doctor may ask include:

  • What are your major symptoms?
  • Are you taking any medications?
  • Do you have any medical conditions?
  • How long have you been experiencing these symptoms?
  • Have your sleeping patterns changed. Are you getting more or less sleep than usual?
  • Is the feeling of dizziness constant, or does it come and go?
  • What were you doing when you first experienced the dizziness?
  • Have you noticed anything that seems to make the symptoms better or worse?
  • Do certain movements make the symptoms better or worse?
  • Do you have any allergies, or have you had an allergic reaction to anything?

In order to answer these questions fully, you may want to keep track of your symptoms in a notebook, and bring it to your doctor appointment. Be sure to include dates, times, durations of symptoms and any food or beverages consumed, and any other circumstances that may have contributed to feeling dizzy. The more information you can give your health care provider, the easier it will be to diagnose and treat the dizziness.

Sometimes, depression or anxiety can manifest in physical symptoms such as pain, fatigue, head and muscle aches. Your doctor may also ask a series of questions relating to your emotional state to determine if the dizziness is perhaps related to a psychological or emotional issue.

  • Were you under a lot of stress when you experienced the dizziness?
  • Do you worry about things that are out of your control?
  • Are you sleeping more or less than usual, or eating more or less than what is considered normal?
  • Were you in a crowd or a social situation such as a concert, party or at a mall or sporting event when you felt dizzy?
  • Have you been feeling depressed or anxious lately?
  • Have you had thoughts of suicide?
  • Do you have a history of suffering from panic or anxiety attacks?

Have you experienced any major life changes such as loss of a loved one, the birth of a child, a major career change, a divorce or any event that has led to a significant change in your life? Even happy occasions such as a wedding or moving to a new home or city can spark anxiety.

Additional Tests

  • Measurement for low or high blood pressure.
  • ECG (Electrocardiogram) which records the heart’s electrical activity.
  • ENG (Electronystagmography) which checks for involuntary eye movement.
  • MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) which can help doctors look for tumors, spine issues, neurological malformations or any other issues that can otherwise go undetected.
  • Neurological tests that measure things such as coordination, balance, recall. He may also ask a series of questions to help determine if you have suffered any memory loss, such as whether or not you can recall the date, year and current United States president.
  • Your doctor will also check your reflexes.
  • Hearing tests to determine if related to an inner ear problem.

Risks

Dizziness can affect your balance, as well as a multitude of your daily activities such as driving, climbing stairs or lifting heavy objects. To avoid an injury resulting from a fall, you should hold off on any activities that may pose a danger. You should also take a break from exercise as physical activity can cause your symptoms to get worse.
Types of Dizziness
Dizziness is often a symptom of a more serious condition, so if left untreated, it can lead to severe injury. Diseases such as diabetes, cancer, a heart condition and many other problems may advance if they go undetected for too long.

Clinical Treatment for Dizziness

Because the causes of dizziness vary, treatment options are different for each case and may include:

  • Emergency care may be administered if due to a heart attack, stroke or other life threatening condition. Many of these conditions may also require surgery, as well as extended aftercare and lifestyle changes to avoid future episodes.
  • Whether from physical activity, heat stroke or due to illness, IV fluids may be given if the dizziness is symptom of dehydration.
  • If your dizziness is due to a medication you are currently taking, your doctor may prescribe a new medication for you to try.
  • Inner ear issues may require treatment using an antihistamine.
  • If you have an infection, your doctor may prescribe an antibiotic.

Balance therapy may be required for patients who need to re-learn basic balance skills, such as those dealing with dementia, stroke or the general effects of aging.

Stress management, therapy and antidepressants may all prove beneficial to those suffering from dizziness as a side effect to depression or anxiety. Patients who are experiencing dizziness due to emotional or psychological issues may also benefit from learning how to deal with an anxiety or panic attacks through deep, controlled breathing and other calming techniques, such as meditation and biofeedback.

You may be treated with oxygen. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Home Treatment Options for Dizziness

If you feel dizzy and like you are about to faint, sit down and squeeze your thighs together. This forces the blood back up from your extremities to the brain, helping to ward off the feeling of light-headedness.

Try sitting down and putting your head down between your knees, this has the same effect as squeezing your leg muscles.

Sometimes lying down is the only way to combat feeling dizzy, especially if it is the result of general fatigue or lack of sleep.

Preventing Dizziness

Stay hydrated during illness, exposure to heat or physical activity by drinking plenty of fluids. If you plan on spending time outdoors in high temperatures, be sure to stay as cool as possible and find shade if necessary. Get early medical care for infections or illness including infections of the inner ear, sinuses and respiratory system.

If you or someone in your household is dealing with dizziness, take some extra precautions to avoid injury, such as using non-skid inserts under rugs and in the shower, or providing a cane to allow for support when moving about the home.

Avoid substances like caffeine, tobacco, alcohol or other drugs that can affect circulation.

If you or someone in your life is dealing with depression and/or anxiety, and often experiences dizziness during social situations, or when under stress, you may need to provide reassurance to that individual or accompany them to a quiet location until the episode has passed. If you are the one experiencing the anxiety, you may benefit from practicing calming exercises and positive self-talk to not only prevent anxiety or panic attacks, but to also learn how to recognize the signs and to stop them before they start.

Conditions

Diarrhoea

What is Diarrhea

Diarrhoea, also spelled diarrhea, is not a sickness in and of itself, rather it is a symptom of underlying conditions. Diarrhea is described as having stool that is not formed and is watery. This digestive problem may or may not be accompanied by cramping in the abdominal region or a sense of urgency. There may also be an incomplete emptying of the bowel, causing the person experiencing diarrhea to use the bathroom immediately after having used it.
Diarrhea Natural Cures
There may also be an inabilty to control bowel movements. If the diarrhea lasts longer than 2 weeks, it may be necessary to consult a physician. Most people who are suffering from diarrhea will become dehydrated, so it is important to drink plenty of water. Juices and sports drinks, such as Gatorade, also help alleviate dehydration. For young children, there are specially formulated drinks and frozen pops use to rehydrate.

Causes of Diarrhea

There are many causes of diarrhea. One of the reasons someone may have this issue is that it is accompanying a virus, such as a flu virus. Another cause of loose stools is food born illness due to foreign bacteria or parasites. These causes can happen when foods are undercooked, improperly cleaned or improperly stored. Parasites in the digestive system can also result in diarrhea. Some diseases cause diarrhea, such as irritable bowel syndrome, cancer, pancreatic diseases, diseases that compromise the immune system (such as HIV), irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn’s Disease.

It should be noted that people who have had organ transplants also have compromised immune systems. Diarrhea can also be caused by food allergies, such as lactose intolerance, a high fiber diet, use of laxatives or unsanitary conditions in foreign countries. Loose stools can also occur after running long distances. In some cases, a hard bowel obstruction causes liquidy stools to pass through, giving the impression that there is diarrhea. Yet another cause of diarrhea is medications, such as some antibiotics. Overeating can also be a cause for diarrhea as can stress.

Who is at Risk for Diarrhea

People with compromised immune systems are at risk for developing diarrhea. That population includes those who are HIV positive, people who have had organ transplants and people undergoing certain types chemotherapy. Those who are living or traveling in regions with unsanitary water systems are also at risk. Young children, especially those who are in child care facilities, and the elderly, who may be unable to properly clean themselves can also be susceptible to diarrhea.

Tips for Preventing Diarrhea

The single most important factor in preventing diarrhea caused by virus and bacteria is to wash hands with soap and water. Keeping food prep areas clean and sanitary with antibacterial cleanser will also help. Cooking food thoroughly based on the temperatures recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Temperatures can be monitored using a meat thermometer. It is also important to keep informed of recalled food items that have been contaminated. For example, there were widespread recalls of pre-packaged spinach due to bacterial contamination. When travelling in foreign countries where the water supply may be contaminated, only drink bottled water. Do not brush teeth with the tap water.

Testing and Diagnosing Diarrhea

While it is easy to tell if diarrhea is present, it is more important to test for and diagnose why the person has diarrhea. Usually, diarrhea will stop with over the counter medications or with time. If the diarrhea does not resolve after a period of time, is accompanied by a fever or severe cramping, or the person with diarrhea is unable to keep swallow water to stay hydrated, or the stools are bloody or black, then a physician should be consulted.

There are several test that may be done in order to diagnose the cause of diarrhea. There may be blood test done to determine such things as the presence of an infection. Stool samples could be taken in order to test for parasites or bacteria. If there is a blockage, then an x-ray may be able to diagnose the problem.

Still another method for finding the cause of diarrhea is to have a colonoscopy or endoscopy to look at the digestive system from the inside. These tests can find polyps or the presence of cancer in the system or other problems that may be interrupting digestion. A CT scan can also be used to look for Crohn’s Disease and problems with the pancreas.

Treatment of Diarrhea

Once there is a determination of why diarrhea is happening, there are several treatment options available, including over the counter remedies, prescriptions and other medical procedures. Available treatments include:

Bismuth

Bismuth this over the counter remedy is widely marketed as “Pepto Bismol” or generic store brands. It is available in most retail and convenience stores. There are dosages for adults and for children. Bismuth is offered in liquid, tablet and chewable tablets. It should be noted that this type of remedy may turn stool or tongues dark or black; It is a normal reaction. Bismuth costs around $2 or more depending on the size and whether it is in liquid or solid form. Unless under the care of a physician, follow the directions on the product.

Loperamide

This remedy is widely marketed as Imodium, Maalox Anti Diarrheal, and Kaopectate. There are tablets, liquid and caplets available in most retail markets. It is recommended to be used by children over the age of 6 and adults. While the elderly may also take this product, there needs to be close monitoring for symptoms of dehydration, as they are more likely to have problems losing water. Loperamide costs around $3, but can be more. Follow the dosing directions unless otherwise directed by a medical professional.

Lactase

Sold as the product Lactaid, this medication is for people who experience diarrhea as a result of an intolerance to dairy products, such as milk. Although avoiding dairy will also help, Lactaid can also be used. This product comes in caplets or easy to chew tablets.

There are also substitutes for milk, cheese and ice cream that are marketed under the Lactaid brand. However, there are also soy, rice and almond milk based products available for consumption. The variety of non-dairy products ranges from $3 and up, depending on the size and type of product.

Tea

There are specific types of teas that are thought to help control diarrhea, such as teas made from raspberry, blueberry or blackberry leaves or also Chamomile Tea. Whether or not the tea needs to be made directly from the leaves or can be made from processed products is unclear.

These teas can be found in natural food stores or some grocery stores, and cost $5 and up for boxes of teabags. The cost of pure leaves depends on the number and potency of the leaves. Although some of the leaves are available in tablet form, they do not seem to work as well as the teas. Dosage will vary depending on those factors. It should be noted that some teas can harm unborn children, so it is important to talk to a physician or homeopathic expert to determine if the tea is right for you.

Acidophilus or Lactobacillus

These are referred to as the good bacteria in the digestive system, or probiotics. Taking antibiotics can kill these bacteria and can cause diarrhea. Acidophilus is available in liquid, caplets, tablets or powder. It can also be found in yogurt and some cheeses.
Diarrhea Herbal Treatment
Acidophilus will benefit those who are experiencing diarrhea due to antibiotic use and possibly aid those who have Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Yogurt with probiotics can be purchased for less than a dollar per container. For tablets, powder, liquid or caplets, the price will vary depending on the purity and amount of the product. Acidophilus can be found in retail, grocery and health food stores.

Methylsulfonylmethane or MSM

This is a sulfur based product designed to sooth the digestive system. It is available in health food and organic stores. These pills cost under $10 a bottle. It should be noted that, although it is said to help the digestive system, diarrhea is one of the possible side effects, so the usefulness of this product is questionable.

Bland Diet

This type of diet, also called the BRAT diet, will allow your digestive system to work less while sick with diarrhea. BRAT stands for Bananas, Rice, Apples/Applesauce and Toast. Tea can also be part of the BRAT diet. These foods should be eaten for the first 24 hours.

If the BRAT diet can be consumed without causing more diarrhea, other foods can slowly be added until a normal diet is resumed. The BRAT diet foods are all available for purchase at grocers and should cost less than $10 total. If the person suffering from the diarrhea is healthy, they may also choose to fast for a short period of time to allow the digestive system to remain inactive. Keep in mind that the body needs to remain hydrated during fasted, so consuming water, juice or sports drinks is recommended.

Lomotil

A prescription treatment for diarrhea. It works by stopping the muscular movement of the bowels as well as stopping nerve impulses that trigger the bowel movements. This type of medication is available when over the counter treatments do not work

Paregoric

This prescription remedy is derived from opiates. It helps prevent the muscular actions of the digestive system. Similar to Lomotil, it should be used only when other remedies have not worked.

Antibiotics

When there is a bacterial problem that is causing the diarrhea, a doctor may prescribe an antibiotic. It is important to note that some people are allergic to antibiotics, such as penicillin and its derivatives. A physician should be informed of any allergies.

Surgery

If the cause of the diarrhea is a physical problem, such as a tumor, then there may be a surgical solution to the diarrhea. Of course, this type of treatment can only be used after having clear and lengthy discussions with a primary physician and any other health professionals that are involved in care.

It is important to remember that the majority of cases of diarrhea resolve themselves with time. If over the counter medications and time do not help the diarrhea to resolve, it is then time to consult a physician. With the help of a doctor, the root of the problem can be discovered. When meeting with a physician, it is important to disclose any important information that may explain the diarrhea, including any foods that may have been improperly prepared or any contaminated water source that may have been used. During any episodes of diarrhea, it is very important to stay hydrated and stick to a bland diet.

Conditions

Genital Warts

Alternative Names

Genital Warts is the common name given to the flat, raised or cauliflower shaped growths found in genital areas on a body and transmitted through skin-to-skin or sexual contact. They can be flesh colored, white or gray and can be raised or flat. Genital Warts arises from a sexually transmitted virus known as the human papilloma virus or HPV, of which there are more than 100 known types.

HPV is not curable and most carriers do not know they have the disease because they never exhibit symptoms. Genital Warts and HPV are the most common type of sexually transmitted disease with an estimated 80% of the adult population having contracted or carrying the disease at any given time. Infection rates for genital warts are very high and over half the people who come into contact with genital warts the first time will acquire it.

Basic Information

It has been discovered that almost 75% to 85% of sexually active adults will have contracted some form of HPV in their lifetime, regardless of whether or not they exhibit any symptoms. Genital warts are a symptom of an HPV infection. It is estimated that around 30 to 40 of the 100 known types of HPV are sexually transmitted but not all of these can lead to genital warts. The types that lead to genital warts are typically labeled as the low risk virus. That is, they do not cause abnormal cell changes that can develop into cancer.
Genital Wart Remedies
The warts are not painful and can appear on the genital areas as well as the anus and thighs. Treatment can be done by freezing, laser treatment, electrical treatment, surgery and topical treatments; however treatment does not ensure that the warts will not return. Genital warts are not a life threatening condition, but can give rise to certain types of cancer if they are accompanied by another infection of high risk HPV.

The potential to give rise to cancer is the major area of concern when contracting HPV. The types of cancer known to be caused in part by HPV include cervical, penile and anal cancer. It is the high risk strains of the HPV virus that can cause cancer, while the low risk strains primarily cause genital warts. Thus, genital warts are not often a sign nor are they a symptom of something more serious.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a genital warts viral infection include the skin surface symptoms of flat, raised or cauliflower shaped bumps on the skin. The bumps can be white, gray or flesh colored and are not often associated with pain. Genital warts can cause discomfort during sex as they can be rubbed, pulled or stretched causing pain or bleeding. If this is occurring, seek treatment to help alleviate these symptoms and wait until treatment is complete before engaging in sexual activity.

Because of the many types of HPV, genital warts are not always visible and are often known to go away on their own. The body’s natural defenses can rid itself of a number of the types of HPV, though it is known that the person is still a carrier of the virus. Unless the person is tested further, through blood tests, once the symptom of genital warts disappears, the person may feel they are cured.

Viruses are not curable and a carrier will usually transmit that virus to other sexual partners. Tests have not been developed to detect HPV in men and the only test for women is designed to screen for high risk types of HPV that cause cervical cancer.

It may take weeks and even months after infection before any symptoms of genital warts appear because the virus can lie undetected in the body for a very long time. The warts may appear as a single wart or multiple warts and can be small or large in circumference. They can also be located in a central region or located in various locations in the genital area including the anus and thighs. One complication of genital warts could be an extensive outbreak which has been known, in rare cases, to obstruct the urethra, vagina or anus. In these types of cases, surgery is often necessary, but again, these cases are rare.

Causes

The cause of genital warts is from the human papillomavirus that lives on the skin of every person. Certain types of this virus cause genital warts why other types are also known to be the cause of common warts on the body, and though of a different type, they can also be transmitted through skin-to-skin contact.

The human papillomavirus lives in and on the body undetected and most carriers are not aware that they have the virus that is spread sexually. Of the 100 know types of the virus, only a small portion cause complications. These are the high risk and low risk types of the virus. 90% of genital warts are caused by the two low risk types of HPV, type -6 and -11. The high risk types are HPV -16, -18, -31 and -45 which are known to give rise to cancer.

Risk Factors

Genital Warts are highly contagious and can be transmitted through first time intimate encounters or sexual contact. Not having sex is the only way to reduce the potential for infection of the type of HPV that cause genital warts. Because the disease is primarily transmitted through skin to skin contact, wearing a condom will not always prevent transmission.

A person may not know they are carrying the disease because they are not exhibiting any of the symptoms of an infection, and regardless of protection it is an almost certainty that they will spread the virus. Both women and men generally do not exhibit symptoms of HPV unless they have the visible genital warts and sometimes, the warts are not visible.

Someone can still be a carrier of the disease and they can readily transmit it to their partners unknowingly. HPV and genital warts is often known as a silent virus as well as a silent sexually transmitted disease because of the potential to never exhibit symptoms.

Prevention Tips

The only sure prevention against contracting genital warts and HPV is by not having sex. Because the virus lives on the skin, anytime uninfected skin comes into contact with an infected person, the risk of contracting genital warts and HPV is real. Therefore, wearing condoms cannot prevent the spread of genital warts or HPV unless the warts are completely covered. Because genital warts are highly contagious, just touching genital areas can also spread the disease if a person does not wash afterward.
Herbal Genital Wart Treatment
Having multiple sex partners can also increase your risk of contracting genital warts and HPV. Another risk increase is having a partner who has previously had multiple partners. It is best to understand your partner’s history before engaging in sex, though this is no indication that they do not already carry the virus, and use of protection could potentially lower your risk but is not a guarantee with genital warts and HPV.

Touching the warts and then touching healthy skin can result in an infection over half of the time. If you think you may have genital warts, seek the advice of your doctor and maintain clean hygiene practices to prevent the spread of the warts on your body.

Once contracted, the spread of genital warts is not preventable unless the carrier stops having sex altogether. Condom use can lower the risk, but not completely eliminate it. However, the drug Gardasil was approved in 2006 for the prevention certain HPV types including those that cause genital warts. The drug has not been tested for its effectiveness in curing genital warts, but is effective in prevention. It has been approved for girls and women aged 9 to 26. It is being tested for effectiveness in older women and in men.

Tests and Diagnosis Considerations

Genital wart tests and exams are primarily visual exams given by a health care professional. To verify if the symptoms are indeed caused by genital warts, a doctor may use a 5% acetic acid to turn the potential infected area white. However, the acid may also turn healthy skin white, thus it is difficult to determine from the acetic acid alone.

Because there are no tests specifically designed to test men to determine if they have HPV, unless they exhibit symptoms of genital warts, they will not know they carry the disease. The only test for HPV is for women who have been requested to do a follow up procedure for a pap smear with abnormal results. This test will determine what type of HPV the woman has and whether or not she has the high risk HPV, forms associated with cervical cancer. In addition, the woman can exhibit the symptoms but carry a low risk HPV that will not threaten her cervical safety.

Often times, receiving an abnormal Pap smear result is how a couple will discover that one of the partners has HPV. If the woman has HPV, it can safely be assumed the man will have HPV whether or not he exhibits the symptom of genital warts. Because HPV can live in the body for years without detection, the sudden rise of genital warts does not necessarily mean that a partner has been unfaithful. It may have just taken a while for the virus to show up on the outside of the genital region or internally through an abnormal pap smear. Again, the genital warts may not actually be visible and can be present for years without the person’s knowledge.

Treatment Options

Genital warts can be treated in a variety of ways which may or may not be successful. The virus still has the potential to come out as genital warts years, months and even weeks after treatment. There are many treatment options should one or the other not work.

Topical Treatments

Topical treatments include many options including treatments applied by a health care professional or applied at home by the infected person. These topical treatments can have good success as long as the treatment is applied as directed and for the length of time specified. Other treatments include medical procedures that need to be administered by a health care professional. These treatments include:

Cryotherapy

Cryotherapy is the freezing of the genital warts by a health care professional. This treatment can be painful but has no other side effects usually and is lower in cost than the other options such as laser and electrodessication.

Laser Treatment

Laser Treatment is the next level of treatment that can be used by a healthcare professional to burn, or cut, the warts off of the infected area. This is a more expensive option and can have detrimental side effects including scarring of the infected areas.

Electrodessication

Electrodessication utilizes an electrical current to destroy the warts and can be painful as well as ineffective in completely removing them all. Electrodessication is expensive and is not commonly suggested as a treatment option. When visiting your health care provider for genital warts, be sure to discuss all your options if the initial treatment does not work.

Surgeries

Surgery is sometimes used when there has been no response to any of the previously mentioned treatments or when the warts are small in size and in number. It may also be necessary if the warts are blocking the urethra, vagina or anus.

Home Remedies

There are no known home remedies or herbal treatments that are effective at treating genital warts. While medical treatment can be effective in reducing the symptoms of the low risk HPV infection known as genital warts, treatment does not mean the carrier is cured. They will carry virus the rest of their lives, whether or not the virus is dormant will not be known and possible infection to another sexual partner is always a possibility.