Sore Throats

The hallmarks of a sore throat include the always familiar dry scratchiness and the painful swallowing, and it always makes suffers feel miserable. When a person has a sore throat, which is also known as pharyngitis, it is usually because of a viral infection, such as influenza or the common cold. In fact, many people recognize sore throats as the first sign of getting ill.

Sore throats are such a common complaint that it is one of the primary reasons people make a doctor’s appointment, though these office visits usually aren’t necessary. For the most part, sore throats are due to viruses that will go away without any medicine. Sore throats that are due to bacterial infection, on the other hand, though rare, will require medical attention or antibiotics. While the sore throat is present, over the counter medications can help soothe the feeling.

Symptoms

The two main symptoms of sore throats include a scratchy, dry or swollen throat and the presence of pain when trying to talk, breathe or swallow.

Sore throats usually are the result of an infection that comes with its own set of symptoms.

For instance, sore throats from a cold may include coughing, sneezing, fever and a runny nose.

When the underlying cause of a sore throat is something as simple as a flu, it should heal itself within a week.

Less commonly, when the sore throat is due to something else, it will need treatment.

There are signs of a sore throat having an underlying cause that is more serious, such as strep throat, including

• an inability to swallow;
• a recurring sore throat, or one that does not heal itself;
• vomiting;
• white patches or pus on the tonsils or throat;
• skin rash;
• headache;
• swollen, red tonsils;
• severe throat pain;
• a fever of over 101 degrees Fahrenheit (38.3 degrees Celsius) in children under six months or 103 degrees Fahrenheit (39.4 degrees Celsius) in children and adults.

When to See a Doctor

Though it is an uncomfortable condition, the majority of sore throats will go away and are not harmful. However, sometimes, they may signal a condition that is much more serious.

See a doctor if any of the following occur

• Difficulty breathing or swallowing;
• The sore throat is severe or remains for over a week;
• A baby under six months spikes a fever above 101 degrees Fahrenheit, or 38.3 degrees Celsius;
• An older child or adult spikes a fever above 103 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39.4 degrees Celsius;
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes appear in the neck;
• White patches or pus appear behind the throat;
• Skin rashes occur;
• Blood appears in saliva or phlegm;
• A cough lasts over two weeks;
• Dehydration symptoms occur;
• Sore throats recur; or
• A young child drools excessively.

Causes

Usually, a sore throat is due to a virus, which are the same germs that are the cause for the common cold and for influenza. Less commonly, a sore throat may have a bacterial infection to blame. Whatever the cause of the illness, the germs enter the body by way of the nose or mouth, due to either breating in the particles released into the air once someone sneezes or coughs or by coming into contact with an infected person or sharing an object, such as toys, doorknobs, utensils, towels or a telephone. It is because these germs are highly contagious that they have a tendency to spread in areas where people congregate, such as schools and offices.

Viruses

The following is a list of the most common causes of a sore throat

• The common cold;
• Influenza, or the flu; and
• Mononucleosis, or mono.

These other illnesses are also known to cause sore throats

• Measles;
• Chickenpox; and
• Croup, which is a common illness in childhood that is known for its barking cough.

Bacterial Infections

Some common bacterial infections that are known to cause sore throats include

• Tonsillitis;
• Strep throat;
• Diphtheria, which is a very serious but rare respiratory illness.

Other causes of having developed a sore throat may include

• Allergies;
• Dryness;
• Pollution;
• Muscle strain;
• Acid gastroesophageal reflux disease;
• HIV;
• Tumors.

Risk Factors

While it is possible for anybody to get a sore throat, there are some risk factors that make certain people a little bit more susceptible to developing them.

These factors include

• Age;
• Smoking of exposure to secondhand smoke;
• Allergies;
• Chemical irritants;
• Frequent or chronic sinus infections;
• Working or living in close quarters;
• Poor hygiene; and
• Lowered immunity.
• Complications
• When a sore throat occurs, it is usually not very serious, will go away on its own and will not cause any further complications.

However, it is possible for some other more serious problems to develop due to sore throats and their underlying cause

Strep throat, which is a bacterial infection, is capable of causing other conditions, such as

• Tonsillitis;
• Sinus infection, or sinusitis;
• Ear infection;
• Scarlet fever, which is characterized by a rash;
• Glomerulonephritis, which is the inflammation of the kidney;
• Rheumatic fever, which is known to damage sensitive organs like the heart.

The more common symptoms and signs of strep throat include:

• Painful swallowing;
• Swollen tonsils;
• Tiny red spots on the hard or soft palate;
• Fever;
• Headache;
• Rash;
• Stomach ache;
• Vomiting.

Mono, otherwise known as infectious mononucleosis, is an infection that might lead to further complications, which may include

• Anemia;
• Ruptured spleen;
• Spleen inflammation;
• Hepatitis;
• Low levels of platelets, which are involved with clotting;
• Heart inflammation;
• Nerve damage that may lead to paralysis; and
• Swollen tonsils that could lead to obstructed breathing.

Symptoms and signs common to mono include:

• Weakness;
• Fatigue;
• Sore throat, which may be strep throat;
• Fever;
• Swollen tonsils;
• Swollen lymph nodes in the armpits or neck;
• Headache;
• Skin rash;
• Loss of appetite;
• Night sweats; and
• Soft, swollen spleen.

Tests and Diagnosis

The doctor will likely diagnoses what is causing a sore throat after conducting a physical examination and performing a throat culture. During the examination, the doctor will probably check the throat to see if there is any redness or swelling, as well as any traces of white streaks or pus present on the tonsils. Though all of these signs may indicate some kind of infection, there is currently no accurate way to determine whether an infection is viral or bacterial just by looking.

It is for this reason that a doctor will want to take a throat culture or a rapid strep test. This will check to see if there is any bacteria present that causes strep throat. Either way, the doctor will take a sterile swab and rub it over the back of the throat and tonsils in order to obtain a pure sample of the secretions.

Back in the day, there was only one way to test whether or not a person had strep throat, and it was to have the secretions cultured within a lab, and this process could take upwards of two days. Now, the doctor is capable of conducting a rapid test and allows the results to come back within hours. However, the rapid test may miss a fair amount of present infections, so the doctor may opt to have laboratory testing done anyway.

Treatments and Drugs

Usually, a sore throat will go away on its own within a week and without treatment, which works well with the fact that there is no medical therapy possible to treat virally-caused sore throats. However, getting extra sleep and drinking plenty of fluids can help speed up the process.

Try to go for fluids that are in the same family as soups, water and broths rather than sodas or other caffeinated drinks that may dehydrate more. If it is difficult to swallow, try to sip broth through a straw or to let some ice chips melt. Gelatin products, such as Jell-O are also easy to swallow.

Treating Bacterial Infections

Back in the day, doctors would throw antibiotics at anybody who had a sore throat in order to help cure it and to prevent other complications, such as rheumatic fever. However, this is ceased because overusing antibiotics eventually led to a dramatic increase in bacteria strains that are resistant to antibiotics. On top of that, the majority of sore throats are not due to bacteria anyway, meaning that antibiotics will not help.

Should the doctor recommend antibiotics, it is important to take the entire course of the prescription, even when feeling better. Taking the antibiotics will help preventing it come recurring and from letting the bacteria become resistant to the treatment. Children who are on antibiotic therapy and feel better and are without a fever may return to school or their child care when they are no longer contagious, which should be a full 24 hours after starting treatment.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

Until the sore throat has completed its course, try following these tips

• Increase the intake of fluids, such as juice, water, warm soup or tea, which can help replace the fluids that were lost during fever or mucus production. Do not drink alcohol or caffeine as they can cause dehydration.
• Mix half a teaspoon of salt with warm water and gargle it, spitting the water out into the sink afterwards. This should clear the throat of mucus and soothe it.
• Take some very hot water and mix honey and lemon into it, to taste. Let it cool to room temperature before sipping it. It should coat and soothe the throat while cutting the mucus. Even if only temporary, this recipe should relieve much of the pain.
• Have a throat lozenge or some hard candy. While this is not necessarily a soothing process itself, it will increase saliva, which will bathe the throat.
• Use a humidifier to introduce moisture into the air, which will prevent the mucous membranes from completely drying. Moisture in the air will therefore reduce the irritation and make it easier to sleep. If using a humidifier, make sure to change the water daily and make sure to clean the machine every three days so that mold and bacteria do not develop.
• Smoke irritates throats, and it will not really do wonders to a sore one. Avoid this and any other air pollutants, such as paint or household cleaners.
• Particularly if the sore throat as affected the larynx, it is important to reset the voice and to cease from talking.
• Take a few days off so that germs do not spread. Cover when coughing or sneezing.
• Prevention
• Perhaps the most effective way to prevent illness from occurring is also the simplest way: thorough and frequent hand washing. Try to use alcohol-based sanitizers when there is no soap or water available. However, any soap will do rather than just antibacterial varieties; when properly washing hands, the standard soap should kill germs just as effectively.

Try to follow these tips to ensure that everybody stays healthy

• Do not share glasses, eating utensils, towels, napkins or food;
• Do not touch drinking fountains with the mouth or touch public phones with the mouth;
• Periodically clean TV remotes, telephones and computer keyboards with a sanitizing cleanser. Clean the phones and remotes that are in the hotel room when travelling;
• Do not touch others who are sick;
• On high pollution days, remain indoors whenever possible;
• Do not smoke and do not inhale secondhand smoke;
• If the air at home is dry, humidify;
• Throw away the tissues after coughing or sneezing.

Swimmer’s Ear

Swimmer’s Ear is a widely-used but sometimes misunderstood term for a very common medical condition, also known as an outer ear infection.

Contrary to what the name might suggest, patients needn’t have gone swimming recently to be afflicted by Swimmer’s Ear.

The medical term for Swimmer’s Ear is otitis externa, and this type of ear infection is defined as being confined to the external portion of the ear and the ear canal itself.

Ear infections that affect the inner or middle portions of the ear are referred to as otitis media.

Otitis externa and otitis media often occur simultaneously, but with slightly different symptoms and considerations. Here, we explore the symptoms, causes and remedies for otitis externa, or in layman’s terms, an outer ear infection.

Symptoms of Swimmer’s Ear/Otitis Externa

The congestion, pressure and pain that are often associated with Swimmer’s Ear are caused by swelling and inflammation of the affected portions of the external ear. Excess wax, debris or build-up of other fluids in the ear canal can create pressure inside the tiny opening to the ear, and this can quickly cause pain that radiates beyond the affected ear. Intense earaches can result from an otitis externa infection, and the pain may increase when the patient’s outer ear, jaw or even neck is touched.

In children, one of the first signs of Swimmer’s Ear, or a possible outer ear infection, is their expressions of pain or discomfort. Even very young, non-verbal children can often communicate their symptoms by tugging on their ear or ears, tilting or shaking their head, exhibiting increased fussiness when the ear is touched or when laying down, and an apparent difficulty hearing. A child may also exhibit a low-grade fever when fighting off an ear infection, or appear a bit lethargic.

Adult Conditions

Adults who are suffering from Swimmer’s Ear will also usually experience pain, swelling, a feeling of “stuffiness” in the affected ear and potential temporary hearing loss. Most cases of hearing loss due to Swimmer’s Ear are fully reversible once fluid drains from the ear and swelling goes down, though it can take several weeks to regain completely normal function and feeling in the affected ear.

Itchiness & Discharges

Itchiness is also a commonly reported symptom of Swimmer’s Ear, and can greatly increase the frustration level and uncomfortability factor. This is especially true in young patients who can’t fully express themselves or understand that the situation is a temporary one. Fever is not as common in adults suffering mild to moderate cases of otitis externa, though fatigue and exhaustion are quite common.

Discharge, waxy build-up or other fluid may drain from the ear during the course of an outer ear infection. This isn’t typically alarming, although any signs of bleeding from the ear canal should be checked out by a doctor, as this could indicate a ruptured eardrum.

Causes and Prevention of Swimmer’s Ear

While swimming is indeed one way to acquire the infection, especially if the water is dirty, Swimmer’s Ear is in many ways a misnomer. Even a simple act such as swabbing one’s ear with a dry cotton swab can result in bacteria lodging in tiny scratches created by the swab, thus leading to a case of otitis externa. Bacteria is a very common cause of outer ear infections, whether it originates from the environment or from within the patient’s own body.

Even if not the original cause of the infection, water can be a huge contributing factor in the severity and progression of otitis externa. For example, washing one’s hair and getting even a few drops of water into one’s ear during a shower can further exacerbate an already brewing infection, and cause fluid to become trapped inside the ear canal due to the swelling. For this reason, it is imperative the ear be kept dry and hair washing be avoided while an outer ear infection is being treated.

Bacterial Infections

In cases of Swimmer’s Ear not caused by bacterial agents, a fungus or other pathogens may be present in the ear from some sort of contamination, or even skin conditions similar to Athlete’s Foot. Anti-fungal medications will likely be prescribed to treat infections stemming from this cause.

Ear Plugs

In most situations, moisture increases the chances for bacteria growth, and the ear should be kept as dry as possible at all times if a patient is prone to developing ear infections on a recurring basis.

Use of ear plugs during swimming and showering may be helpful, but only if the correct ear plugs are used. Soft, foam ear plugs can often be used safely to shower with an ear infection, though a new pair should be used each time plugs are required during the course of an outer ear infection.

Swimming or fully submerging the head in water when fighting an active ear infection is not recommended, even with ear plugs. Never use ear plugs that are rigid; if flexible ear plugs can’t be found, a cotton swab rolled in petroleum jelly and pressed lightly against the outside opening to the ear can be used to help block moisture.

Home Remedies for Swimmer’s Ear

Treatment for Swimmer’s Ear will depend on the severity of the case. In some mild cases of otitis externa, the patient can treat the condition at home with simple remedies. Staying hydrated, resting and using warm compresses on the affected ear are all easy ways to try and provide a measure of relief at home.

Simply keeping the ear dry and not inserting anything inside of the ear canal that will further irritate the swollen tissues may be enough to keep the infection to a minimum.

Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen and ibuprofen may help take the edge off the earache, and many brands contain anti-inflammatory properties that should help reduce the swelling causing much of the pain in the first place. If there is fever present with the infection, OTC medication should also prove helpful.

Warm Compresses

A warm compress may ease the pain of an earache or the pressure of a “stuffy” ear, but those suffering Swimmer’s Ear should use caution with this oft-recommended approach. Though the heat and steam may help the patient feel better, warm, moist conditions are a breeding ground for bacterial growth.

The steam of a hot, clean, well-wrung out washcloth may indeed loosen wax and other fluids in the ear, though a heating pad would be a better option.

Even without the moisture factor, be aware that heat alone can promote bacteria to grow or multiply.
A few drops of white vinegar mixed with distilled water after a shower can actually help the ear canal to dry faster than on its own.

Vinegar and Water

The vinegar-to-water ratio for this simple home remedy should be one to one. If vinegar is not available, a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water can also be prepared. This solution should be mixed at a ratio of one parts hydrogen peroxide to two parts distilled water.

Like the vinegar-and-water mixture, just a few drops of the hydrogen peroxide tonic can help to dry the ears quickly. Applying a few drops of either solution in healthy ears following showers may also be helpful in discouraging bacteria growth and preventing recurring problems.

Home Remedies

These home remedies for Swimmer’s Ear, or outer ear infections known as otitis externa, are not recommended in any patient who is experiencing complete hearing loss, ringing in the ear, severe pain or bleeding from the ear.

Any of the above could be signs of a possible ruptured ear drum, and exposure to additional ear drops of any sort could worsen the problem. Patients should seek medical attention immediately if those symptoms present themselves.

Prescription Treatments for Swimmer’s Ear

Antibiotic ear drops and oral antibiotics may be prescribed by a doctor to help cure Swimmer’s Ear if the case has progressed beyond home treatment. Significant pain, swelling, redness or hearing loss all warrant a trip to a medical practitioner, and the physician will usually order a round of antibiotics or an anti-fungal medication at this time. Steroids may also be prescribed in conjunction with the oral antibiotics and/or ear drops to speed up the healing process.

Those suffering from acute Swimmer’s Ear, or any suspected ear infection, must never insert ear drops or other solutions into the ear canal on their own without the advice of a doctor or until the exact nature of the infection is known.

Prescriptions

Some prescription ear drops that may be beneficial to a patient with an intact eardrum can actually worsen the symptoms and prognosis for recovery in a patient with a ruptured membrane. Fluid that gets trapped in an ear infected with otitis externa, or Swimmer’s Ear, can lead to extended hearing loss and tinnitus, or ringing in the ear.

Tinnitus can be an extremely frustrating and consuming symptom for those suffering from it, and there is no effective way to treat this particular symptom. The ringing should subside and hearing function return gradually as the body is cleared of the infection, and swelling reduces in the ear.

Any child or chronically ill person who is exhibiting severe or worrisome symptoms should be brought to a doctor immediately. Mild cases of Swimmer’s Ear may be monitored at home initially, but should be treated by a medical professional if symptoms appear to worsen in a 16-24 hour period.

Expected Recovery Time For Swimmer’s Ear

Antibiotics and other medications prescribed by a doctor should help start to cure Swimmer’s Ear within one week, and the patient may even feel better sooner than that.

The swelling of the nodes and glands of the neck may lessen, and the painful lumps that often accompany sinus infections, head colds and ear infections may reduce in size. The pain in the neck, the pressure in the ear, the intense earache and external tenderness may improve before the hearing loss dissipates or the tinnitus stops.

A patient suffering from a significant case of Swimmer’s Ear may continue to experience problems with their hearing, including incessant ringing in their head, for several weeks. According to Dr. Steven Wallach of Tucson, Arizona, it can take up to three weeks for the ear to fully heal from an ear infection, especially if the outer infection has spread to include an inner or middle ear infection.

Steroids

Dr. Wallach advocates the use of steroids in some patients to hasten this recovery time, and says that with proper treatment, relief could come as quickly as within 24 hours.

If the condition does not improve after all of the above, an Ear, Nose and Throat specialist may need to be consulted in order to further treat the infection, and correct any conductive hearing loss. In rare cases, surgery may be required to fix a punctured or ruptured ear drums. Permanent damage to the actual bone structure of the ear, and even the skull, can occur if an infection is left unchecked, though this is mostly seen in older, infirm patients already afflicted by other serious illnesses.

Zits

Zits are a common problem for adolescents, but they can affect people of all ages. Zits are also commonly known as pimples or acne.

Specific types of zits are called blackheads or whiteheads depending on the color that forms at the apex of the zit.

Zits can occur on any part of the body, but they tend to occur most often on the face and back.

Common Zit Symptoms

Most zits occur as small, red bumps in the skin. They may itch or be sensitive to the touch. As a zit progresses, it will grow larger and more pronounced. A white or black colored dot sometimes forms at the very top of the zit, hence the name whitehead or blackhead.

Once the head has fully formed, the zit may rupture and leak a small amount of clear liquid. Ruptured zits can form sores that bleed and cause scars. In advanced cases of acne, zits will grow in clusters that contain several zits in a compact area. Zit clusters are more likely to form scars and permanent discoloration of the affected area.

Normal Causes for Zits

Clogged Hair Follicles

Zit formation is caused by a clog in the base of the hair follicles underneath the skin. Generally the clog is made up of dead skin cells that have sloughed off naturally. When the follicle becomes clogged, inflammation builds up and creates a zit.

Propionibacterium

Bacteria that lives on the skin also helps with the formation of zits. Propionibacterium produce enzymes that convert the normal oils into an irritating substance that causes inflammation, which leads to pimples.

Hormones

Androgens are hormones that can cause zits to form as well. People tend to experience a surge in androgens during their adolescence, which is why teenagers typically suffer from acne more often than older adults. These hormones increase the size of the skin’s pores and increase production of skin oils. As more oil is produced, the bacteria has more opportunities to create irritation.

Genetics

There has been some indication that zits are caused by heredity as well. Research is currently being conducted to discover the link between genetics and zits.

Risk Factors for Zits

Age

All adolescents are at risk for developing zits because of the increase in Androgens in their systems. Anyone going through puberty has a higher risk of developing acne, but the symptoms will generally disappear on their own once puberty is finished.

Skin Composition

People who have naturally oily skin also have a tendency to develop zits more easily.

Emotions and Hormones

Some people may develop zits when they become overly stressed. Hormonal changes, such as a woman’s menstrual cycle, can also cause zits to form.

Tips for Zit Prevention

The most powerful method of reducing zit breakouts is preventing them in the first place. When the proper steps are taken to reduce the possibility of zits it is much easier to control them because there will be fewer zits to control.

People who suffer from chronic skin disorders that cause pimples may not have much opportunity to control their symptoms, but the general population will find that a little bit of prevention can go a long way toward a zit-free complexion.

Keep it Clean

The simplest way to reduce the number of zits that form is to wash the areas that are most prone to zit formation at least twice a day. Using a strong cleanser can help keep the hair follicles from becoming clogged, as well as clear away excess oils that can exacerbate clogged follicles.

Washing regularly also removes excess skin cells so that they will not build up in the hair follicles. It is not necessary to scrub the skin with force. A gentle application of soap and water will be effective.

Keep Hands Away from Face

Hands contain oil, which can be transferred to the face easily by regular contact. Resting the chin or cheek on the hands can cause substances to be pressed into the hair follicles more directly, which can lead to zit formation.

Reduce Stress

Try to avoid elongated periods of high stress. Stress can deteriorate health very quickly, causing symptoms that include outbreaks of zits.

Healthy Diet

Avoid junk food as much as possible. Oily foods can create conditions that are ideal for the formation of zits.

Hair Care

Long hair contains natural oils that can collect dust and other particles from the air. As a person moves, the oils and particles in the hair can rub on to the skin and create pimples.

Individuals who suffer from extreme zits may choose to cut their hair so that it doesn’t have an opportunity to come into contact with their skin.

Drink Plenty of Water

At least 8 glasses of water are recommended to maintain skin health. The water helps flush toxins from the body’s system and keeps skin moisturized.

Avoid Oil-based Cosmetics

Wearing an oil-based product on your face for 8 hours every day will only serve to create more zits instead of help to get rid of them. Wear water based makeup when necessary. If possible, avoid wearing makeup at all if you are prone to zit breakouts.

How Zits are Diagnosed

Zits can be easily recognized by their appearance and life cycle. Normal zits will be visible for a week to ten days on average. Some acne requires assistance from a dermatologist, however.

Symptoms that indicate the need to visit a doctor include

• Zits that do not diminish over a natural course of time
• Zits that are extremely painful and cause visible scarring
• Sudden cases of zits that are accompanied by fever or illness

Women who begin to develop facial hair near zit outbreaks, or notice a substantial change in their menstrual cycles should see a specialist to determine the underlying cause of these symptoms.

Home Remedies

Depending on their severity, zits can usually be managed through home remedies very comfortably.

Organic treatments are the safest and least invasive way to handle acne without using harsh chemicals.

Most of these options involve fresh food products that most people keep in their pantries on a regular basis. Each of these remedies takes advantage of the natural properties of the foods and how they interact with a person’s skin.

Honey Mask

Once a week apply natural honey to areas that are prone to acne development. The antibacterial nature of honey will clear the harmful bacteria from the skin, as well as provide a healthy way to clear away blemishes.

Yogurt and Oatmeal

Mix fine oatmeal into an unflavored yogurt. Apply thoroughly to the face and allow to dry. Wash away with mild soap and warm water. Yogurt contains natural antibacterial elements that reduce the amount of bacteria on the face.

Lime Juice

There are several natural zit treatments that include lime juice. Ointments can be made by mixing lime juice with groundnuts, lime juice with boiled milk, or applying straight lime juice directly to zits. Lime juice is also effective when mixed with rose water or powdered pomegranate skins. The acidic nature of lime juice counteracts the oil that can lead to zit formation.

Mint

Fresh mint juice is a natural way to dry the oils from the face. Mint can be ground into a paste and mixed with other elements, like milk, and then applied directly to areas where zits are already forming. The mint will reduce the inflammation by drawing the moisture away from the zit as it forms.

Tomato Paste

Ripened tomatoes contain similar acids as lime juice. Tomato paste can be applied directly to existing pimples to make them go away faster.

Vitamins and Herbal Remedies

Several vitamins and herbal treatments can help control stubborn zit breakouts. Herbal methods will not control acne symptoms forever, but they do work well with other preventative measures to reduce the number of breakouts and provide a better chance of maintaining a clear complexion.

Some of the most effective vitamins for controlling acne include

• Niacin
• Vitamin A
• Vitamin E

Herbal remedies that are the most effective include ointments that have the following natural ingredients

• Fenugreek
• Orange Peel
• Lemon
• Lime
• Garlic
• Mint Juice
• Coriander
• Epsom Salts
• Cucumber
• Tea Tree Oil
• German Chamomile
• Licorice Root
• Calendula
• Witch Hazel
• Flaxseed
• Flaxseed Oil

Most of these treatments are meant to be applied directly to existing outbreaks of zits. Some herbal remedies, such as epsom salts and witch hazel extract, work best when used as a steam or soaking bath. The thing that all of these herbal remedies have in common is that they reduce the amount of oil in the skin, which reduces the possibility of clogged follicles that lead to zits.

When using herbal remedies, it is important to remember that they are the most effective when they restore a balance to your body’s system. Zits can be an indication of other internal problems that can be helped through the use of herbs in the proper amounts. If herbal remedies are not effective in treating acne and it continues to flare up, it is a good idea to visit a dermatologist to find out if there are pharmaceutical methods that may be more helpful in eradicating zit problems.

Over the Counter Zit Medications

Most of the over the counter medications that are designed to reduce the occurrence of zits contain Benzoyl Peroxide as their main ingredient. The peroxide penetrates deep into the skin and dries out infected and swollen hair follicles to arrest the development of zits. Peroxide also kills any bacteria that is present, which protects the skin from further irritation.

There are several well-known brands of over the counter zit medication that provide a good amount of relief from zit symptoms

• Neutrogena
• Clearasil
• Oxy-10
• Persa Gel
• Stri-dex
• Oxy Night Watch

These brand name products come in different strengths and can offer specific relief from different types of acne. Clearasil, for example, offers treatments that focus on adult acne as well as adolescent zit problems. Most over the counter creams and cleansing pads can be used once daily for the best results. They are designed to be used after the face has been washed thoroughly with normal soap and water.

Prescription Zit Medications

Some people suffer from chronic acne that resists home remedies and over the counter treatments. In extreme cases, it can be necessary to consult a dermatologist for more powerful pharmaceutical options. There are several different prescription medications that can be used to treat chronic acne. The effectiveness of each type of medication depends on the chemical makeup of each patient’s skin and the severity of the zits that are being treated.

Here is a short list of some prescription medications that are available through a dermatologist

• Azelex
• Differin
• Brevoxyl
• Benzac AC
• Clindets
• Benzamycin
• Accutane
• Minocin
• Novacet
• Tazorac
• Retin-A

This list is by no means comprehensive. It is just a small sample of the many different prescription medications that are available to treat chronic and severe acne problems.

Many doctors will prescribe birth control pills to girls and women who suffer from acne because the extra estrogen that they provide seems to have a positive effect on clearing the skin. Girls seem to have an easier time with zits because excess estrogen blocks the androgen hormones that increase the production of zits. Using birth control pills to increase the estrogen is an option that is only available to girls who suffer from severe zit breakouts.

Side Effects of Prescription Medication

Prescription medications can have some side effects which are important to note. The most common problems that patients report are crusting and blistering of the treatment area, staining of the teeth, and allergic reactions. Any unusual symptoms that seem to result from using a zit medication should be reported to a doctor immediately to avoid any further complications. Side effects from most zit prescriptions are very rare. Most patients experience an improvement in the clarity of their skin without any other health problems becoming evident.

What Causes Sunburn

Being in direct sunlight for a prolonged period of time can result in sunburn, which is a painful burn caused by ultraviolet light on the surface of the skin. Ultraviolet light is broken down into two categories: UVA and UVB rays. Both can cause sunburn. Tanning beds have been designed to emit both of these rays and, therefore, can also cause sunburn.

The amount of time it takes to get a sunburn differs from person to person, though those with light colored or fair skin are often more susceptible to receiving burns on their skin from the suns rays. The reason for this is that their skin possesses less melanin; giving it both it’s lighter color and making it more likely to be burned after long period of sun exposure.

Avoiding & Protecting

Though sunburn is painful, completely avoiding exposing your skin to UV rays is a bad idea. In order to produce the needed quantity of Vitamin D, the human body requires sunlight. The key is not to overly-expose the skin to unnecessary amounts of UV rays.

The problem with this is that knowing how much is too much often requires experience sunburn in the first place. It will depend on the amount of melanin in an individual’s skin.

Sunburn, also know as sun poisoning, is not easily detected before the damage is already done. For the most part, the symptoms of sunburn do not begin to manifest until several hours after UV rays have burned the skin. The worst part of having sunburn will usually occur around twenty-four hours after the initial over-exposure.

Symptoms of Sunburn

The symptoms of sunburn can vary depending on the severity of the burn. Mild sunburn, for example, is a first-degree burn, and will have less severe symptoms. A third-degree sunburn will be much more painful and will be accompanied by more symptoms.

Symptoms of minor sunburn can be as simple as irritation of the skin, manifesting in a reddish color. Though uncomfortable, sunburn of this degree is rarely overly painful.

Severe Burns

A more severe sunburn can cause blisters. These often appear as bubbled up skin filled with a water-like fluid. This is the body’s way of trying to remove the sun poising from the skin. When the blisters “pop” this fluid is removed. The skin beneath the blistered area will often be sore and irritated once exposed to the elements.

Severe sunburn can also cause the body to go into shock. The circulation of the blood to the body’s organs can be effected, causing this condition. Symptoms of this degree can cause death and should therefore be taken seriously. This severity of sunburn usually requires medical attention.

More Symptoms

Sunburn symptoms can also include; flu-like symptoms, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting. Due to the skin being exposed to massive amounts of sun, sunburn can also be accompanied by dehydration and an imbalance of electrolytes.

Due to the frequency of dehydration accompanying sunburn, many people also experience headaches when they are sunburned. If sunburn is severe enough to cause blisters; there is a risk of infection. Blisters should be cleaned with some sort of antiseptic to avoid such infections.

Losing Skin

Another symptom of sunburn is the loss of skin. Several days after being over exposed to UVA/UVB rays, skin often dries out and begins to peel. This skin will soon after come unattached from the remaining skin, exposing the under-layer of skin to the elements.

This new skin can sometimes feel tight and uncomfortable. In the worst types of sunburn this process can be painful. In lesser conditions, the process is usually little more than an annoyance. The skin peeling stage of sunburn can occur anywhere from four to eight days after the initial sun exposure.

Cures and Remedies for Sunburn

Though there are many remedies than can make sunburn heal quicker, there is no cure that will immediately do away with this condition. Most of the medicinal and natural remedies for sunburn are geared toward removing the stinging sensation from the skin and returning it to a more natural color.

One very popular remedy for sunburn is Aloe vera. Many over-the-counter products exist containing the juice of the Aloe vera plant. It can be found in a variety of gels and ointments. This plant juice helps to lubricate the skin, making the condition less painful.

Many say it also removes the pain of the burn. In addition to purchasing products made from Aloe vera, it is also possible to extract the juice from the plant its self and topically apply it to the skin. Bath products also exist containing extract from this plant. Some find that adding these to their bath water also gives the same effect.

Taking a Cool Bath

Many find that taking a cool bath can help remove much of the pain from having sunburn. Though cool water can be good for the skin in this condition, cold bath water should be avoided. In cases of extreme sunburn exposing the skin to cold water can cause the body to go into shock.

Cold temperatures restrict blood flow. If the body is already nearing shock, taking a cold-water bath can push it over the edge into a dangerous state. If you believe you are nearing such a condition, seek medical attention immediately.

While taking a cool bath, many find that adding vinegar to the water can help to remove the sting of sunburned skin. Others say that putting cooked oatmeal into the water is more soothing. Which of these works better is a matter of personal preference.

Packing the Damaged Skin

Packing the wounded skin with cooked oatmeal is another method to reduce the severity of sunburn. In order to do this properly it is important to wait until the oatmeal has cooled to add it to the skin. Putting it in the refrigerator can help to speed this process.

Once it has cooled, pack the skin and allow the oatmeal to dry in place. When you decide to remove the oatmeal poultice, take a cool shower. Once again, avoid cold water as if can cause shock.

Calamine Extract

Calamine extract is another herbal remedy for sunburn. Both lotions containing this plant and using the plant itself can remove the stinging sensation associated with sunburn. As far as herbal remedies go, one can also use the root of the plant colloquial called Touch-Me-Nots.

Potatoes can also come in handy when trying to cure sunburn. In order to do this you should first wash the potatoes well. Once they are cleaned, cut them into small pieces and blend them until they have been liquefied. After the potatoes have become fluid it is a good idea to add water if the substance is on the dry side. Pat this water and potato mixture onto the burned skin in order to decrease the pain of sunburn. Remember to wash off the residue in a cool shower after it has dried on the skin.

Steroids

If sunburn is severe enough to require medical attention, a doctor may prescribe steroid medication to be taken orally. The patient will usually be told to take these pills for a time span of several days.

All individuals suffering from sunburn should pay special attention to amount of fluids they drink. Since dehydration often comes hand-in-hand with sunburn, drinking extra water can help to prevent side effects from worsening. This is especially important if the person suffering sunburn is experiencing nausea or vomiting.

When trying remedies for sunburn it is extremely important to avoid anything containing oil. Since a sunburn is an injury to the skin, the composition of the epidermis most be taken into consideration. Oils can block the pores, which can prevent air from reaching the wound. Though this may not sound like such a bad thing, trapping in the poison caused by prolonged exposure to the skin can cause infection of the injured areas.

Preventing Sunburn

Taking preventative measures to avoid sunburn is always a very good idea. Many suntan lotions exist for this reason and are relatively cheap. When looking to purchase an over-the-counter sunburn preventative it is important to find a product that blocks not only UVA but also UVB rays.

Suntan lotion exists in many levels. Each level is assigned a number. This number explains how much sun protection the product offers. Those with light skin or who are prone to receiving skin burns from the sun should consider suntan lotions with a higher level of SPF.

Exposed Skin

Before going out into the sun for a long period of time, apply suntan lotion to all areas of exposed skin. Some children find certain brands of suntan lotion of be greasy to the touch. Because of this, they often wipe the product off their skin. This should be avoided at all cost! If the suntan lotion is not allowed to sink into the skin it will not be able to protect it.

Many experts suggest that suntan lotion should be re-applied frequently if one is to remain in the sun for more than an hour. Re-applying the product once every one or two hours should greatly decrease chances of receiving sunburns.

Sunglasses and Hats

Sunglasses should be worn when in the sun. The eyes are also sensitive to sunburns and therefore should be covered from exposure. If eyes are sunburned, none of the aforementioned topical products should be used. Medical attention is necessary in these cases.

Some find that wearing a wide-brimmed hat can also help to shield the face. Due to the sensitivity of the skin around the eyes, this area is extremely important to protect. Suntan lotion, sunglasses, and a hat combined can help keep this area safe.

Signs Sunburn May Require Medical Attention

Though the average case of sunburn can be treated at home, certain symptoms should be paid special attention as they could denote the necessity of medical attention. Sunburn should be taken seriously and more severe symptoms could require that the sufferer seek emergency care. There a qualified medical professional can tell you which type of treatment will best fit the condition in question.

If the sunburn is causing severe pain, seek immediate medical attention. Some discomfort is to be expected, but if intense pain is experienced it could be a sign that third-degree burns have occurred even large blisters have yet to surface.

Blisters

Severe blisters are another sign that the sunburned person may need a doctor’s care. A few small, blistered patches are usually not a reason for concern; however, if blisters larger than a dime occur, topical treatments stronger than over-the-counter products could be needed.

Headaches

If the sunburn is accompanied by an extreme headache, fainting, confusion or diminished mental acuity medical attention should be sought immediately. Those suffering from prolonged nausea or prolonged vomiting will need a doctor’s care in order to avoid dehydration, which can require intravenous fluid delivery.

In instances of high-grade third-degree burns a doctor will likely transfer the patient to the burn unit where medical practitioners who are familiar with intensive damage to the skin can treat them.

Young Children

If the sunburn victim is a very young child, it is best to seek medical attention immediately. Since kids often have trouble communicating exactly how they, it is always better to err on the side of caution.

As is always the case with issues of medical concern, if an individual is unable to assess their physical condition, they should be taken the emergency room as soon as humanely possible. This can help to avoid making the situation worse and put the sufferer’s mind at ease.

Ringworm of the body is one of many forms of the fungal infection known as ringworm, which is known to develop on the outermost layer of the skin. Its main characterization is a red rash that is itchy and shaped like a circle, with a patch of normal looking skin within it.

It is this characteristic and classic ring that may appear that provides ringworm with its name, though this has nothing to do with anything involving any real worms beneath the skin.

Also known as tinea corporis, ringworm of the body is in close relations with other similar fungal infections that also have names in a similar vein, such as:

• Athlete’s foot, or tinea pedis. This fungal infection is found between the toes when moist and occasionally may be found on the foot, as well.
• Jock itch, or tinea cruris. This fungal infection is found on the genitals, the buttocks and the inner upper thighs.
• Ringworm of the scalp, or tinea capitis. This fungal infection is usually found in children and is characterized by itchy red patches on the head, which leave bald patches.

Symptoms of Ringworm of the Body

The symptoms and signs of ringworm include:

• A flat, round patch of skin that is also itchy;
• A circular shaped rash on the skin that is inflamed around the edge and red, with a healthy, normal looking patch of skin in the middle of the rash; and
• A slightly raised and expanding ring of red and scaly skin that is on the trunk or the face.

It is possible to have more than one patch of ringworm show up on the skin, and it is equally possible for the red rings or the patches to overlap one another. Also, a person is capable of being infected with tinea without displaying any commonly known red rings of ringworm.

When to See a Doctor

A doctor should be notified if there are any rashes on the skin that does not appear to be improving after two weeks have passed. This may mean that prescription medication is needed. If there is excessive swelling, redness, drainage or fever, then the doctor should be notified immediately.

Causes of Ringworm in the Body

With ringworm, in the same fashion as all other fungal infections, it is easy to contract the condition from microorganisms which act as parasites onto the body. This mold like fungi, or these dermatophytes, live on the outermost layer of the skin, on top of the cells.

Ringworm is a contagious condition and is capable of being spread in several ways, including:

• Human to human; it is possible to, and it is the most common to, spread ringworm by coming in direct skin to skin contact with a person who is infected with ringworm.
• Animal to human; animals may spread ringworm when infected if they are touched directly, meaning it is possible to spread the disease when the animal is being pet or being groomed. It is possible for humans to contract ringworm from dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, pigs, goats and horses.
• Object to human; like the two previously mentioned methods, ringworm can be spread when touching objects or surfaces that have recently been touched or rubbed against by either an infected person or an infected animal, such as towels, clothing, bedding and linens, brushes or combs.
• Soil to human; it is very rare that a person would contract ringworm from infected soil, but the case is not unheard of. Most likely, infection would only occur when a person has prolonged contact with soil that is very much and very highly infected.

Risk Factors For Ringworm of the Body

Those who are at a higher risk of developing ringworm on their body are those who:

• have had close contact with infected animals or infected people;
• live in a humid, damp or a crowded place;
• share clothing, towels or bedding with a person who is suffering from a fungal infection;
• sweats excessively and profusely;
• wears restrictive or tight clothing;
• regularly participates in a contact sport, such as rugby, football or wrestling; or
• have a weakened immune system for any reason.

Complications of Ringworm on the Body

A fungal infection very rarely ever spreads beneath the surface of the skin, meaning that it very rarely is likely to cause any kind of serious illness. However, people who suffer from a weak immune system, such as those who have HIV, AIDS or have undergone chemotherapy, may not find it very easy to be completely rid of the fungal infection.

Preparing for the Appointment with a Doctor

A family doctor or a dermatologist, who specializes in skin, is capable of diagnosing the condition of ringworm of the body. However, there is plenty of ground to cover and time is limited due to the brief nature of appointments, it is recommended to be well prepared before actually going to the office. This section aims to cover a few tips in order to help a person be ready for their appointment with their doctor as well as what they may expect when they check in.

What Can Be Done

The time that will be spent with the doctor is limited, which means that it is ideal to first prepare a list of different question that should be asked so that a person can make the most out of their appointment. In case time ends up running out, it is recommended to order the questions so that they are listed from the most important to those that are not as important. To ask about ringworm, these questions may be beneficial to ask the doctor at the appointment:

• What might be the cause of these symptoms and signs?
• Are there any tests that need to be done to confirm the diagnosis?
• What is the best method of action to treat this condition?
• Is this particular condition a temporary one or a chronic one?
• Is there any generic alterative to the medication that is being prescribed?
• Is there any way that time will make the illness go away on its own?
• What measures can be taken to ensure that this infection does not spread to anybody else?
• What are some routines for skin care that come recommended while this infection heals itself?

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor will probably have a list of questions of his or her own, such as:

• When were these symptoms first noticed?
• When the rash first started, what did it look like?
• Is the rash itchy or painful?
• If anything, what makes the rash feel better?
• If anything, what makes the rash feel worse?
• Are there any pets or family members who already have been diagnosed with ringworm of the body?

Tests and Diagnosis for Ringworm of the Body

The doctor is capable of determining whether or not ringworm is present or if any other skin disorders are present, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. He or she will probably ask whether or not the person has had any exposure to any potentially contaminated areas or come into contact with anybody or any animals who have recently been diagnosed with ringworm.

To test, the doctor may opt to take skin scrapings or to take samples from the area that is infected and proceed to investigate them underneath a microscope. In the event that the sample taken is shown to have fungus, then the treatment will likely include an antifungal medication.

However, if the test fails to show fungus but the doctor still retains suspicions about whether or not ringworm is present, the sample may instead be sent over to the laboratory for further testing. The testing performed will be known as a culture. The doctor may also choose to order a culture in the event that the condition decides not to respond to the provided treatment.

Treatments and Drugs for Ringworm

In the event that the ringworm of the body is severe, covers a significantly large area, or simply refuses to respond to any over the counter medications, then it may become necessary to take topical, prescription strength medications, or an oral medication, such as a pill, tablet or a capsule. Several different options are made available, such as:

• Topical
  • Butenafine (Mentax)
  • Ciclopirox (Loprox)
  • Econazole
  • Miconazole (Monistat-Derm)
  • Oxiconazole (Oxistat)
  • Terbinafine (Lamisil)
• Oral
  • Itraconazole (Sporanox)
  • Fluconazole (Diflucan)
  • Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
  • Terbinafine (Lamisil)

Side effects may occur from the oral medications, such as rash, gastrointestinal upset and abnormal functioning of the liver. Other medications that may be taken, such as an antacid therapy for treating ulcer disease or treating gastroesophageal reflux disease may prove to interfere with how well the ringworm of the body treatment is absorbed.

Additionally, when taking an oral medication for ringworm of the body, it may alter how effective warfarin is, which is an anticoagulant drug used to decrease the ability to clot within the blood.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies For Ringworm

In a mild instance of ringworm of the body, it is possible to apply an antifungal over the counter lotion, ointment or cream. Usually, the majority of fungal infections will respond generally well when these topical agents are applied, which may include:

• Clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF, Mycelex)
• Miconazole (Micatin)
• Terbinafine (Lamisil)
• Tolnaftate (Tinactin)

To apply, first wash and dry the area that is affected. Follow by applying a thin layer of the purchased topic agent either once or twice a day and maintain this treatment for at least two weeks, or follow the directions as indicated on the package. If, after four weeks, there does not appear to be any improvement, notify a doctor.

Prevention of Ringworm

It is difficult to prevent the contraction of ringworm of the body because the fungus that can be blamed for causing it is both common and contagious well before the symptoms for it start to appear. However, it is possible to effectively reduce the risk by following a few simple steps:

• Educate others and know what the risks are of ringworm of the body from infected people or pets. Tell children about this condition, how to avoid the condition and what they should be on the lookout for.
• Always wash the hands often to keep clean and to avoid spreading any kind of infection. Make sure shared or common areas are always kept clean, especially in gyms, schools, locker rooms and child care centers.
• Try to always stay cool and dry. There is no reason to wear such thick clothing for prolonged periods of time when the weather is warm and humid, because this will only promote profuse sweating.
• Do not touch any infected animals.
• Do not share any person items.

Finding out your child has lice is embarrassing, but it shouldn’t be. There are many myths about head lice, and knowing the truth can not only help you deal with the embarrassing feelings, but also help you clean your home of them as quickly as possible.

Getting rid of lice can take time, but with diligence and consistency, your home and children will soon be lice free.

What is Head Lice?

Head lice are tiny, wingless insects that make their homes on a human scalp. Their medical name is Pediculosis humanus capitis.

They are only as large as a sesame seed, and survive by sucking blood like tick and fleas.

Their eggs are the size of a poppy seed, blend easily with hair, and are next to impossible to remove because they are held on with a waterproof substance that can not be washed away.

As the lice eggs hatch, they leave behind nits.

These can appear as dandruff, sand or flakes of hairspray but are very difficult to remove. Children who have been sent home from school due to head lice are often not allowed back to school until the nits are completely gone, as well as the eggs and lice.

The life cycle for lice lasts roughly forty to fifty days. During the third stage, the adult stage, they are able to lay between 4 and 10 eggs every day. Lice typically spend 28 days of their lives as egg-laying adults. This clearly shows why it’s so important to remove all nits and eggs that seen, as well as killing all adult lice.

What are the Myths?

One myth is that you only get lice if you have poor personal hygiene. The fact is that lice prefer clean hair.

Lice also have the reputation of being able to hop, or jump from one person to another. The truth is that they can only crawl. Transmission requires head-to-head contact. Sharing personal items such as hats and brushes can also result in the movement of lice from one victim to another.

Symptoms

The primary symptom of lice is itching. If your child is scratching his or her head a great deal, or complaining that they can’t stop itching, you might want to check for lice. This is especially important if the scratching is focused behind their ears or the nape of the neck. Anytime there is a lice outbreak at the school you should do regular checks for lice.

Other symptoms include small, red bumps that appear on the scalp, neck and even shoulders. The bumps may even crust over and seep fluid. You may also notice small white specks that are attached to the ends of the hair. These are their eggs or nits, and will not come off easily.

Causes

Lice take advantage of direct contact to move from host to host. They can crawl from one person to another when they are in direct contact with each other. They can also crawl into hats, scarves and headbands. When another person puts that item on they are more than happy to move onto the next head.

They can also be transferred by sharing clothing, bedding and even stuffed animals.

Being in close, overcrowded environments can increase the risk of getting head lice. The close proximity of other hosts makes it all too easy for them to relocate. They also are commonly found in schools.

Risk factors

Secondary skin infections can occur as a result of the constant scratching. Try to keep your children from scratching excessively. Antihistamines can help control the itching, if necessary.

Unlike most other blood-sucking parasites, lice do not carry any diseases. Infections do not typically lead to any serious medical problems.

Babies younger than six months old, the elderly and people weighing less than 110 pounds can be at risk from the shampoo treatments, especially if the treatments have to be used several times over a few weeks.

The shampoos used have hash chemicals and should not be used with any person who has a pre-existing illness, including those with asthma and people who are taking other medications. Pregnant and nursing mothers should not use the shampoos on themselves or apply them to others.

If you have used a medicated, insecticide shampoo and continue to find live lice then you should assume that the lice are resistant to the shampoo. Do not continue using the shampoo, but consult with your doctor, or try one of the smothering methods described below.

Prevention tips

Stress to your children that they should never share hair brushes, combs, hats or scarves with their friends. When they are visiting someone’s home, have them take their own pillows, towels and clothes as those should not be shared, either.

Talk to your child’s school or daycare about their head lice policy. Ideally, infected children should not be allowed back in the facility until they are completely free of lice, eggs or nits.

Coats and hats should be placed on one individual hook, rather than tossed in a pile with other coats, hats and scarves.

Anything that is in regular contact with your child’s head should be washed or vacuumed on a regular basis. This includes pillows, car seats, and couches.

Check your child for lice regularly. Focus on the nape of the neck and behind the ears, but keep in mind that they can live anywhere in the hair.

Checking for Lice

It’s important to know how to check for lice. They move quickly, and are very small which makes them hard to see. Be sure that the location you choose offers very bright, natural lighting. Wear disposable gloves to prevent becoming infected yourself. You should also move around your child’s scalp during the examination as this can make it easier to detect the eggs. A magnifying glass can be very useful during this process.

Part the hair and examine the scalp closely. Pay particular attention to the nape of the neck and the area directly behind the ears. Eggs and nits will appear as small specks, the size of a poppy seed; that are white or yellow-brown in color. They will be firmly attached to the hair. If you are in the sunlight during this exam, you may see adults running to get away from the light. If the speck brushes away easily, it is not lice.

Areas of red, tender skin could indicate a secondary infection due to itching. You should consider consulting with your doctor if this should happen.

Treatment Options

Shampoo Them Out

The most common treatment for head lice are the products RID or NIX. RID offers the 1-2-3 Lice Elimination System which will give you step-by-step directions for clearing your child and your home of lice. The product is highly effective at removing lice eggs, killing lice and treating the home.

It has been used for decades by countless families. It can be found in the shampoo aisle or first aid section of most drug stores and discount stores. The components of the set can be purchased separately, with the shampoo costing about $14. The entire set will typically cost about $20.

The set includes the lice killing shampoo, a comb-out gel to help you clean nits from the hair and a spray to help keep the home clear of adult lice and their eggs. The spray is very effective for use on mattresses, furniture and other areas that can not be washed.

Permethrin (Nix) as a Key Ingredient

While these are the most common lice-killing shampoo, any lotion or shampoo that has 1% permethrin (Nix) should effectively kill the lice. If you find that these shampoos are not working, you can also talk to your doctor about a higher strength prescription. To use any of these shampoos, begin by rinsing and drying your hair.

Apply the medicated shampoo or lotion to the hair and wait ten minutes. Rinse the shampoo out of the hair and then remove all nits and eggs from the hair. The child should be checked for lice again in one week, and the treatment repeated if needed.

Side effects for these shampoos include irritated or tender skin, difficulty breathing and tightness in the chest. The shampoos should not be used near the eyes, and the time limit should be closely adhered to. Medical attention should be sought if the symptoms do not ease after the shampoo is thoroughly rinsed from the hair.

Smother Them to Death

Ulesfia (Benzyl Alcohol Lotion 5%) can be used to treat for head lice. It is used like shampoo, but is a non-pesticide prescription that has been found to be effective. It costs about $30 for an 8 ounce bottle and will suffocate the lice. This treatment is not as effective as the pesticide shampoos mentioned above, and will require more than one treatment.

Another treatment involves coating the hair with petroleum jelly, wrapping it in a shower cap and waiting overnight. This will kill more than half of the lice, and aid in removing the eggs and nits. The egg-laying ability of the remaining lice will be greatly reduced, although this would also require several treatments.

Head Lice to Dead Lice

This is an education DVD that sells for about $40.

It teaches a five-step “battle plan” that can be used to effectively eliminate current infestations and prevent them from coming back.

Entomologists at the Harvard School of Public Health have proven that olive oil can be used to kill adult head lice.

It smothers them to death, is non-toxic and easy to use. The program will clearly show how to use olive oil to smother lice, and it will teach a manageable method for cleaning the house to prevent re-infestation. It also shows effective combing techniques that will remove lice and nits, and teaches how to manually remove any stubborn nits that will not come out with just the comb.

Tips and Tricks

Removing the nits can prove challenging. Here are some tips for getting the nits out of the hair.

• Rub olive oil in the hair, and then use a nit comb to clean the hair.
• Use a metal comb, run it through beeswax before beginning the removal process.
• Fine tooth metal combs, found in pet stores, will be more effective than plastic combs. These are typically no more than $10 to purchase.
• The LiceMeister comb is a patented comb that is proven effective at easily removing lice, nits and eggs. It also runs about $10 at drug stores, and can even be sterilized through boiling.
• Use tweezers to remove all nits.
• Continue combing for nits every day for the next 7 to 10 days.
• If you continue finding new eggs, assume the lice were not killed. If you have already used a shampoo, switch to a smother method.
• The house should also be treated to both prevent the spread and prevent re-infestation.
• All residents of the house should be checked for lice, and anyone who has them should be treated immediately.
• All clothes and bedding should be washed in hot water.
• Furniture, rugs and car upholstery can be cleaned by vacuuming. Any area that the child might rest his or her head on should be washed, dried in the dryer, or vacuumed.
• Place bedding and stuffed animals in a dryer for thirty minutes to kill any adult lice.

Finding out that your child has lice is never fun. It creates embarrassment, stress and frustration. When infections linger on the stress level and frustration begin to increase. Following these tips can help you to eliminate the lice quickly. Continuing to vacuum and wash bedding and other items can help you prevent a re-infestation.

Finally, educate your children constantly on the importance of not sharing anything that touches their head to prevent another outbreak. Before you know it, you will be enjoying a lice-free home once again.

Resources

EmedicineHealth’s Lice Overview

MedicineNet.Com

Center for Disease Control

When the larynx, or the voice box, comes inflamed, it is known as laryngitis. The larynx is located just atop of the trachea, which is where the throat and the lungs cross and meet up. The larynx has two separate folds of skin on either side of it, which are called the vocal cords. The vocal cords create recognizable sounds and speech depending on how they are loosened or tightened.

To put it into perspective, imagine stretching the neck of a balloon in order to make that pitched squeak; this is how the vocal cords work, in essence.

Usually, the vocal cords are assisted by mucus, thinly and smoothly layered onto it, coating the cords to lubricate them. However, in the event that the larynx is affected by a bacterial infection or a virus, inflaming them, the mucus may either dry out or thin due to the swelling of the vocal cords. When the vocal cords dry up, the end result is a raspy or a hoarse voice, often accompanied by a cough and a fever.

Laryngitis is acute when it does not last longer than a few days. When it lasts up to over three weeks, it can be categorized as chronic.

Causes

Several people develop this condition due to straining their vocal cords.

Public speakers, lecturers and others who regularly use their voices as a requirement of their careers are recommended to use some kind of equipment for amplification or to at least undergo vocal training.

This is especially the case for those whose livelihoods depend on the usage of their voices, such as coaches, singers, cheerleaders and more.

These persons should all become very aware of the possibility of strain on the throat. Typically, a professional singer will receive special training so that they may properly defend themselves from developing laryngitis from stress.

Acute Laryngitis

Usually, an instance of laryngitis is a temporary one and the illness generally improves once the underlying cause experiences relief. Some causes of acute laryngitis may include:

• A cold or other similar virus infections;
• A virus such as the mumps or measles;
• Yelling, overusing the voice or other similar vocal strain;
• Bacterial infections, though rare, such as diphtheria.

Chronic Laryngitis

When this condition occurs for over three weeks, it becomes categorized as chronic. This kind of laryngitis will usually be caused by irritants over a long period of time. Chronic laryngitis may cause strain of the vocal cords, injuries, or even growths, known as polyps or nodules. The injuries may be caused by:

• Inhaled irritants, such as allergens, chemical fumes or smoke;
• Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD;
• Chronic sinusitis;
• Excessive use of alcohol;
• Constant overuse of the voice, such as with cheerleaders or with singers; and
• Smoking

Other factors that are known to cause laryngitis include the overconsumption of caffeine. This will often dry out the mucus that is necessary to coat over the vocal cords, which leaves them vulnerable to being inflamed. To alleviate the pain, it is possible to suck on medicated lozenges, or instead gargling water with salt in it. However, refrain from using mouthwashes with alcohol as this will likely just cause more dryness. The best way to resolve this issue is to refrain from coming into contact with irritants.

Less commonly, two other causes of chronic laryngitis may include:

• Fungal or bacterial infections; or
• Being infected with certain kinds of parasites.

There are a couple of other causes for instances such as chronic hoarseness, including:

• Cancer;
• Vocal cord bowing due to old age; and
• Paralysis of the vocal cords, which is possible to result from a lung tumor, stroke, injury or similar health conditions.

Symptoms

For the most part, laryngitis will usually just be due to a minor cause and will last a few days, such as a cold. However, there are some instances of laryngitis symptoms being due to something a bit more serious or chronic. Some of the signs and symptoms of laryngitis occurring including:

• Weak voice;
• Loss of voice;
• Hoarseness;
• Rawness feeling in the throat;
• Ticking sensation in the throat;
• Dry throat;
• Sore throat; and
• Dry cough

When to See a Doctor
Most instances of acute laryngitis can usually be managed at home with a few tips, including drinking a wealth of fluids and resting the voice and vocal cords. However, should the hoarseness remain for over two weeks, an appointment should be made with the doctor.

Seek medical attention immediately in the event that a child is experiencing a loss of voice combined with any of these other symptoms:

• The child drools more than usual;
• The child has difficulty breathing;
• The child experiences high pitched sounds of breathing when inhaling;
• The child has trouble swallowing; and
• The child has a fever measuring over 103 degrees Fahrenheit, or 39 degrees Celsius.

These symptoms point to croup, which is the inflammation of both the larynx and the airway that lies just beneath the larynx. Though most cases of croup may be successfully treated at home, when the symptoms are severe, medical attention is required.

Going to the Doctor

At first, a general practitioner or the family doctor may be seen. However, upon calling to make the appointment for the doctor, there may be the recommendation or the referral to another doctor who specializes in disorders that occur in the nose, throat and ears.

Since appointments have a habit of being brief, and since there is quite a bit of ground that needs to be covered, it is likely a good idea to ensure that the fullest preparation is undergone for this appointment. The following sections cover suggestions on preparing for the appointment as well as what to expect from the doctor.

What Can Be Done

1. Make note of any restrictions for pre-appointments. Upon calling to make the appointment, make sure to ask if there are any prerequisites or any such things that much be done in advance, prior to coming in.
2. Take a notepad and write down any and all symptoms that are currently being experienced, even those that may not seem to directly related to the reason for having made the appointment in the first place.
3. On the notepad, write down all key information pertaining to personal life, which should include recent life changes as well as any major stresses that have been occurring.
4. Make a note of all medication that is being taken, even if it is just a supplement or a vitamin.
5. If possible, have a member of the family or a friend tag along for the ride. There may be a wealth of different information offered during an appointment, and it may be difficult to take it all in at once. The companion will be helpful in remembering things that may have otherwise been missed or forgotten.
6. Remember to write down any questions for the doctor.

The list of questions will ensure that the time spent with the doctor is the most effective, which is especially important because time with the doctor is quite limited. To work against time running out, try to list the questions from most important down to the less important. Sample questions that may be asked to the doctor may include some of the following:

• What is causing the symptoms or the laryngitis?
• Could there be any other causes for these symptoms of this condition?
• What kind of tests will be necessary?
• Is this condition more likely temporary or chronic?
• What is the best way to handle it?
• Are there any good alternatives to this primarily suggested approach of action?
• These other health conditions also apply. How can these both be managed properly together?
• Are any certain restrictions present that are important to follow?
• Is it necessary to see a specialist?
• How much will it cost to see a specialist, and will this insurance cover such an appointment?
• Is there any kind of generic alternative to the medication that has been prescribed for this condition?
• Do any Web sites come recommended to handle this condition? Are there any printed materials, such as a brochure, that can be taken home which pertains to this condition?

If there is time present, in addition to the questions that have been prepared to ask the doctor at the appointment, feel free to ask any additional questions in the event that something within the appointment goes by not understood.

What to Expect From the Doctor

The doctor may also have a few questions, as well, which means it is important to be prepared to answer them. This may reserve time that was to be spent going over other things, otherwise. The doctor make ask:

• When did these symptoms first come to existence?
• Have the symptoms been occasional or continuous?
• How severe are the symptoms?
• If anything, what appears to improve these symptoms?
• If anything, what seems to worsen these symptoms?
• Is anybody close a smoker?
• Are there any allergies present?
• Have the vocal cords recently been overused, either by shouting or singing?

Risk Factors

There are a few risk factors:

• Having bronchitis, sinusitis, a cold or a similar respiratory infection;
• Overusing the voice, by speaking too loudly, speaking too often, singing or shouting; and
• Exposure to irritating substances, such as excessive alcohol, cigarette smoke, workplace chemicals or stomach acid.

Tests and Diagnosis

The most common and obvious sign of laryngitis is the presence of hoarseness. Whether or not the voice changes varies in the severity of irritation or infection, which means it can range from a simple mild hoarseness to a nearly complete loss of the voice. In the event of chronic hoarseness, a doctor may wish to examine the vocal cords and listen to the affected voice, and he or she will likely make a reference to a nose, ear and throat specialist.

Some of these techniques may be employed in order to properly diagnose laryngitis:

• Laryngoscopy. The doctor may choose to visually examine the vocal cords using a tiny mirror and a light in order to look down into the back of the throat. This process is called laryngoscopy. Alternatively, the doctor may employ fiber-optic laryngoscopy, which instead involves inserting a thin and flexible tube called an endoscope that has a tiny camera and a light. It is inserted through the mouth and nose and down into the back of the throat. This makes it possible to watch how the vocal cords move during speech.
• Biospy. If or when the doctor notices an area of suspicion, he or she may elect to perform a biopsy, which requires taking a tissue sample and carefully examining it under the assistance of a microscope.

Treatment Options

Medications

Viruses that cause acute cases of laryngitis usually improve on their own within a week or a bit longer. Chronic, on the other hand, has treatments that aim to treat the underlying causes thereof, such as smoking, heartburn or the excessive usage of alcohol.

Some of the medications that may be employed include:

• Antibiotics. This is rarely used because nearly every case of laryngitis is caused by a virus, rendering the antibiotic useless. However, in the rare instance of a bacterial infection causing the condition, the antibiotic may be used.
• Corticosteroids. There are some instances in which corticosteroids might help with the inflammation of vocal cords. However, this is only really used whenever there is an immediate need to treat the condition, such as needing to use the voice to give a speech, to sing or to present a project orally, or in the case of a toddler who is experiencing laryngitis due to croup.
  

  Home Treatment

  There are a few different ways to treat this condition at home, and it may relieve the symptoms that laryngitis causes, effectively reducing the strain occurring on the voice:

  • Try to breathe in moist air. To do this, try to employ a humidifier in order to introduce moisture into the air throughout the home or through the office. Alternatively, try to inhale the steam that rises from a hot shower or from a bowl of hot water.
  • At all costs, rest the voice to the fullest extent. Avoid singing too loudly, singing for too long and employ the same restrictions for talking. In the event that it is necessary to employ the voice before speaking to a large group of people, try to get a megaphone or a microphone to help.
  • Avoid dehydration by taking in a healthy amount of fluids while avoiding caffeine or alcohol.
  • Try to suck on a medicated lozenge to moisten the throat, or chew a piece of gum or gargle with water with salt in it.
  • Do not take any decongestants because this is likely to further dry out the throat.
  • Do not whisper. Though normal speech puts a strain on voice, whispering actually causes even more strain on the voice.

  Prevention

  To prevent both irritation and dryness to the vocal cords:

  • Do not smoke and avoid, at all costs, secondhand smoke. This smoke will irritate the vocal cords and dry out the throat;
  • Always drink a good amount of water. Fluids allow the mucus in the throat to stay thin and to stay easy to clear.
  • Try not to clear the throat because it actually hurts more than it helps. This is because it causes an abnormal vibration within the vocal cords, increasing the risk of swelling. Clearing the throat may also result in the throat secreting a larger amount of mucus, which causes it to feel even more irritated, which causes people to want to clear their throat again.
  • Avoid all upper respiratory infections as possible. Try to get the flu shot every year if the doctor recommends such a thing. Always wash the hands on a regular basis and, as possible, refrain from coming into physical contact with anybody who is suffering from an upper respiratory infection, such as a cold.

Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids, also known as piles, are blood vessels and masses of supporting fibrous tissue inside the anus and anal canal.

The anal canal is medically described as being the area from the anus, extending inward approximately four inches, to the base of the rectum. It is widely believed that hemorrhoids are an abnormal condition of the body, but hemorrhoids are a normal anatomical feature in everyone.

When people talk about hemorrhoids as a medical condition, what they mean to say is inflamed hemorrhoids. Statistically, enlarged or inflamed hemorrhoids occur in 1 out of every 25 people.

Distribution is equal among men and women. While hemorrhoids can cause problems with people of any age, they are most prevalent in people from 45 – 65 years old. For people aged 50 and over, the incident rate rises to 50%.

Hemorrhoids are more prevalent in North America and Europe than anywhere else in the world, and there are some countries where they are virtually unknown. Several theories exist as to why this is, the two most prominent being diet and the use of sit-down commodes.

Types and Symptoms of Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are differentiated into two types: external and internal. Each type has different symptoms and treatment. Because the nerves on the inside of the anal canal are visceral nerves, pain is rarely accompanied by internal hemorrhoids. Visceral nerves are sensitive only to pressure and not pain. The outside of the anus contains somatic nerves like other areas of skin that are extremely pain sensitive. The symptoms of hemorrhoids can range from mild discomfort or itching to severe pain and bleeding.

Internal Hemorrhoids

When internal hemorrhoids become inflamed, they create a large bulge in the anal canal. Sometimes the internal hemorrhoid can pull the lining of the rectum free from its anchoring so that it hangs down and can be seen on the outside of the anus. This is specifically known as a prolapsed internal hemorrhoid.

Internal hemorrhoids are subject to each stool that passes through the anal canal. Hard stools or hard matter in stool can further inflame the hemorrhoids. In some cases, the internal hemorrhoids can cause bleeding and enlarge so much that they affect the somatic nerves, causing excruciating pain.

Additionally, the prolapsed rectum continues to excrete mucus as it normally does inside the body. This mucus combines with fecal matter and when exposed to the skin of the anus it causes extreme itching. Although the prolapsed rectum usually returns inside the body on its own, but if not, it can be pushed back in. However, if it is pushed back in, it usually falls out again when passing the next stool.

In rare cases, an internal hemorrhoid cannot be pushed back inside and the blood supply to it is pinched off. This is known as an incarcerated hemorrhoid. An incarcerated hemorrhoid that is not getting any blood has a good chance of contracting gangrene.

Doctors classify internal hemorrhoids into one of four degrees, based on their severity

• First-degree hemorrhoids – These are the least severe hemorrhoids. They do not prolapse, but they can bleed.
• Second-degree hemorrhoids – These hemorrhoids prolapse, but they retract themselves without having to be pushed. They may bleed or not.
• Third-degree hemorrhoids – These hemorrhoids prolapse but do not retract on their own. They must be pushed back in and are usually accompanied by bleeding.
• Fourth-degree hemorrhoids – These are the most severe hemorrhoids. They cause a prolapse that cannot be pushed back in. Fourth-degree hemorrhoids may cause thrombosis or other loss of blood flow to the hemorrhoid.

External Hemorrhoids

External hemorrhoids, while they can be painful, are usually not as severe as internal hemorrhoids. They can be felt on the body as a bulge on the outside part of the anus. Usually, they do not interfere with the regular workings of the anus in the passing of stools, so there the stool rarely causes further inflammation.

External hemorrhoids, however, are very susceptible to thrombosis. If the hemorrhoid causes thrombosis it will turn into a hard, painful lump that usually must be treated by a medical professional. Even if the hemorrhoid heals spontaneously, it will often leave a skin tag on the anus. If the skin tag is large enough, it can continue to irritate the anus and pose difficulty in regular cleaning.

Causes of Hemorrhoids

Although no specific causes of hemorrhoids have been identified with certainty, the major cause is thought to be excessive straining during bowel movements. Other conditions may exacerbate hemorrhoids, such as cirrhosis of the liver, pregnancy, and chronic constipation or diarrhea. Sitting for long periods on the toilet also seems to have a connection with increased incidents of hemorrhoids, as does anal intercourse.

The mechanics of hemorrhoids are also not 100 percent certain, but doctors know that the arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the rectum create a large network in the anal canal. These arteries feed the hemorrhoids and the connecting tissue. This is why when they bleed, the blood is bright red. The blood is infused with fresh oxygen from the lungs. Bleeding can be severe because the hemorrhoids have access to so many arteries.

External and internal hemorrhoids are differentiated by the dentate line, where the outside anus converts from skin to internal lining. The hemorrhoids are made up of one or more arterial blood vessels and tissues, called cushions, in three separate positions: anterior, posterior, and one lateral. Pressure during bowel movements or from other sources weakens the cushions supporting the blood vessel until they are no longer able to sufficiently hold the vessel into place, so they bulge outward and into the anal canal or the skin of the anus. When inflammation occurs in one part of the hemorrhoid, it quickly spreads to the others.

Risk Factors Associated with Hemorrhoids

Although no exact cause has been determined, several factors are associated with an increased risk in developing hemorrhoids or exacerbating already inflamed hemorrhoids

• Chronic constipation or diarrhea – Both of these conditions lead to straining during bowel movements and increased pressure in the rectum and anal canal.
• Being overweight or obese – Obesity causes extra pressure to be placed on hemorrhoids by fat deposits.
• Genetics – People with a family history of hemorrhoids are more likely to have problems with them themselves.
• Age – Older people generally have more problems with hemorrhoids than younger people.
• Pregnancy – All stages of pregnancy, including labor and delivery, put large amounts of increased pressure and strain on the entire body. Hemorrhoids are one of many areas affected, especially during the last two trimesters when the volume of blood rapidly increases.
• Liver disease – Some liver conditions cause blood to flow irregularly and this can cause inflamed hemorrhoids.
• Heart disease – Heart disease also causes an irregular flow of blood that increases risk.
• Prolonged sitting – People who sit for great lengths of time, especially on a toilet, have a higher risk for developing inflamed hemorrhoids.
• Heavy lifting – Lifting heavy objects causes pressure to build in the abdomen and anal area that can cause hemorrhoids. This is especially true for people who hold their breath as they lift.

Prevention Tips

Many instances of hemorrhoids can be avoided by following a few guidelines relating to a healthy diet and lifestyle

• Eat foods high in fiber. Whole grains, raw fruits and vegetables, and beans are excellent sources.
• Avoid foods that can cause constipation. Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and ice cream can create constipation. It is also suggested to limit quantities of bleached grains and red meat.
• Drink sufficient amounts of water. 8 – 10 glasses of water per day is recommended.
• Avoid beverages leading to dehydration. Beverages that cause dehydration are those that contain caffeine or alcohol.
• Use natural stool softener whenever constipated. High fiber stool softeners made of bran or psyllium husks can help reduce pressure on the bowels. Never take stimulant laxatives. These only irritate hemorrhoids further.
• Exercise regularly. Moderate daily exercise helps keep the body in shape and promotes smooth digestion.
• Don’t hold in bowel movements. Go to the bathroom as soon as the urge strikes.
• Do not strain during a bowel movement. Try to let the stool be released smoothly and naturally.
• Do not sit on the toilet for extended periods. Do your business and move to a regular chair to read.
• Avoid any type of sitting for long periods. Take breaks to stretch your legs and relax your body.
• Avoid heavy lifting whenever possible.

Diagnosing Hemorrhoids

The first sign of hemorrhoids usually comes from a self-diagnosis. External hemorrhoids can be felt with the hands and are usually noticed while wiping. Bloody stool or drops of blood on bathroom tissue can also signal hemorrhoid inflammation. It is also possible to feel a prolapsed rectum exiting the anus. If left too long, a person will feel the pain associated with hemorrhoids, thrombosis, or gangrene. While discomfort of the anus and anal itching frequently occur, they are usually caused by a factor other than hemorrhoids.

Physicians usually have a good idea if a person is suffering from hemorrhoids simply from a medical history and basic questioning. Hemorrhoids are simple to diagnose, so the physician’s primary concern is to rule out other, more severe causes. This will, at the least, require a digital rectal exam and, possibly, an anoscopy, in which the doctor will visually inspect the anus and anal canal with the help of a device consisting of a hollow tube and light source. These tests are usually enough, as hemorrhoids can readily be felt by a gloved finger or seen through the anoscopy.

Tests

These tests can also help to uncover other ailments such as anal fissures or even prostate cancer. In some cases, a doctor may use what is called indirect anoscopy, which is a test that uses mirror to watch the anus while the patient is seated on a toilet or toilet-like seat. This test can help a doctor to determine the exact nature of any prolapsed tissue. Sometimes the tissue can be the hemorrhoid, and other times, it is a polyp or the rectum.

To eliminate other causes of the symptoms, a patient may be required to undergo a colonoscopy or a flexible sigmoidoscopy. A colonoscopy is a procedure where the entire colon can be inspected by the doctor, while with a sigmoidoscopy, only the rectum and anal canal are viewed. Another test that could be performed is a barium enema. This is an x-ray procedure that allows the doctor to view the colon, rectum, and anus.

Hemorrhoid Treatment

Several treatments exist in varying degrees from change of diet to surgery. Usually the most non-invasive forms of treatment are tried first, and then, if unsuccessful, treatment is scaled up. Sometimes several treatments can be used in conjunction.

General Treatment

General treatment includes lifestyle changes. A change in diet that includes more fiber will soften stool and reduce strain on the hemorrhoids. Sometimes, this is all that need be done. Following all the precautions and prevention tips may reduce hemorrhoid flare-ups to non-existence. 30 grams of fiber per day is recommended, along with plenty of water.

Over-the-counter Medication

Several different over-the-counter medications are available without a prescription, although the advice of a doctor is always beneficial. Most of these medications are in the form of creams and suppositories. They may act to relieve pain and itching, but it has never been proven that they do anything to actually cure or treat the hemorrhoids. These creams, ointments, gels, and suppositories are applied with a finger or with a special device called a pile pipe.

Here are the available over-the-counter medications for hemorrhoids

• Analgesics – These are pain relievers that may also relieve itching. Analgesics include camphor, juniper tar, and menthol.
• Antiseptics – Antiseptics are used to kill bacteria and other harmful organisms that may infect a hemorrhoid. These include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, boric acid, hydrastis, cetylpyridinium chloride, phenol, and resorcinol.
• Astringents – An astringent promotes dryness of the skin, which can relieve itching and burning sensations. These include calamine, witch hazel, and zinc oxide.
• Corticosteroids – This type of steroid reduces inflammation and relieves itching, but long-term use can cause irreversible skin damage.
• Local Anasthetics – Anesthetics help to relieve pain and itching for a short time by temporarily deadening the nerve endings. Local anesthetics are known to cause allergic reactions. They include benzocaine, benzyl alcohol, dibucaine, dyclonine, lidocaine, pramoxine, and tetracaine.
• Protectants – These form a barrier over the hemorrhoid, protecting it from outside irritation. Protectants include aluminum hydroxide, cocoa butter, cod liver oil, glycerin, kaolin, lanolin, mineral oil, petroleum jelly, starch, and zinc oxide.
• Vasoconstrictors – Vasoconstrictors reduce the size of blood vessels. This can help to relieve pain and itching. These include ephedrine sulfate, epinephrine, and phenylephrine.

Noninvasive Treatments for Hemorrhoids

Noninvasive treatments by a doctor are usually attempted before surgery is deemed necessary, except in cases of emergency involving thrombosis, gangrene, or serious infection. These treatments rely on scarring the hemorrhoid cushions, causing the swelling to go down and leading to self-reattachment.

• Cryotherapy – This uses extreme cold to scar the tissue and reduce inflammation. It is more difficult than other treatments and may cause pain after it is completed.
• Heat coagulation – This treatment uses heat to scar the tissue. The heat can be produced either through infrared light, electricity, or another means. This treatment frequently produces moderate pain.
• Rubber band ligation – With this treatment, a rubber band is wound tightly at the base of the hemorrhoid, causing it to form an ulcer that is soon replaced with a scar. Recurrence frequently occurs with ligation one or more years later. Ligation has also been known to create infection.
• Sclerotherapy – This treatment involves injecting either phenol or quinine urea into the hemorrhoid to induce scarring. Pain may occur the following day.

Surgical Treatments for Hemorrhoids

Estimates are that less than 10% of hemorrhoid patients require surgery. Surgery is usually reserved for the most severe hemorrhoids or in emergencies.

Here are the common surgical treatments

• Dilation – Physical dilation of the sphincter can relieve pressure in the area and reduce the symptoms of hemorrhoids. Unfortunately, this type of treatment may permanently damage the sphincter and cause lifelong incontinence.
• Doppler ligation – In this procedure, the surgeon locates the main artery supplying blood to the hemorrhoid. It is tied off, and the hemorrhoid shrinks.
• Hemorrhoidectomy – This is the surgical removal of the hemorrhoids. It may require stitching and later removal. Severe pain after the surgery is very common and may require strong narcotic medications. Several complications may also occur, including urinary retention, hemorrhaging, infection, and narrowing of the anus.
• Sphincterotomy – In this treatment a cut is made in the sphincter to reduce pressure in the anal canal. Incontinence may occur afterward.
• Stapled hemorrhoidectomy – This new treatment is one of the most popular today if surgery is required. In this treatment a suture is used to pull the hemorrhoid cushions back into place. At the same time, a staple is used to trap part of the hemorrhoid in the stapler and bring together the cut tissue. The subsequent scar tissue that forms, keeps the hemorrhoids in place. External hemorrhoids may also be reduced through this surgery. It is fast (30 minutes) and much less painful than traditional surgery.

Home Remedies for Hemorrhoids

Home remedies for hemorrhoids mostly involve lifestyle changes and cleanliness. Witch hazel is commonly used to clean hemorrhoids naturally and help reduce pain and itching.

Warm showers help to relieve pressure. This is recommended several times daily, if necessary. Soaps should not be used as they cause irritants that can further inflame hemorrhoids.

A sitz bath is common home remedy for hemorrhoids. This small tub fits over a regular toilet and is used to easily soak hemorrhoids in warm water. Application of a cold compress to the anus can relieve swelling and reduce pain and itching. The use of moist towelettes or wet naps instead of dry paper can help prevent irritation of hemorrhoids.

Athlete’s Foot

Athlete’s foot is a common skin infection found in a group of related fungal skin infections known as tinea. The medical terms associated with athlete’s foot include tinea pedia, plantaris, dermatophytosis Palmaris, and interdigitalis. These infections are caused by a number of mold-like fungi, known as dermatophytes, which reside in dead tissues on the hair, skin and nails.

Only those who have experienced athlete’s foot first hand know how uncomfortable the infection can be. Athlete’s foot typically occurs on the soles of the feet but can spread to areas between the toes and the toenails. The condition can also be spread by contact such as touching your foot then touching other areas of the body including your hands, palms, underarms or groin.

Symptoms

Symptoms of athlete’s foot can vary depending on the individual, stage and severity of the infection, and how the body reacts.

Some individuals experience an allergic reaction to the fungus that causes athlete’s foot.

This is called an ‘id reaction’ and can result in vesicles or blisters on areas of the body like the arms, hands and chest.

Treatment of the id reaction is usually cured with treatment of athlete’s foot.

While other symptoms may be present in individuals experiencing athlete’s foot, here you will find a list of the most common symptoms associated with the infection.

Symptoms Include

• Peeling and cracking of the skin around and between the toes
• Intense itching on the soles of the feet and surrounding area
• Redness or inflammation that worsens as the infection progresses
• Blisters on the soles of the feet as well as along the sides of the feet
• Scaling and flaking on the soles of the feet and in between the toes
• Burning or stinging sensation in the area of the infection
• Crusting or oozing of the soles of the feet that may spread to the toes
• Thick, discolored and crumbled skin if the fungus spreads to the nails
• Any of the above symptoms can also occur on other body parts if spread

Causes

Athlete’s foot is caused by dermatophytes, tiny parasites that live on certain areas of the body including the skin. Dermatophytes can be divided into three separate groups according to which host they prefer.

• Zoophile – Fungi that prefers an animal host
• Geophile – Fungi that prefers a soil host
• Anthropophile – Fungi that prefers a human host

In the majority of cases, athlete’s foot is caused by the anthropophile fungi as it favors a human host. The three most common species of anthropophile fungi include Epidermophyton, Microsporum, and Trichophyton. These three species account for more than 90 percent of all fungal infections that occur on the skin.

Athlete’s foot is not limited to only athletes or those who are in good physical shape. The infection can occur on any person that remains damp or moist on their foot or feet for a certain period of time. Those who wear tight fitting clothing or those who don’t dry their feet properly on a consistent basis are more at risk for athlete’s foot.

Every person is acceptable to athlete’s foot as we all have one or more of the fungi in our bodies. Most of these fungi are harmless and simply feed on dead skin cells. Athlete’s foot is more common in young individuals and adults. The condition is also highly contagious and can be spread on our own bodies or to others. This can occur through skin-to-skin contact or indirectly through objects such as shoes, floors, towels, clothing, etc.

Risk Factors

Certain individuals are more at risk for developing athlete’s foot depending on certain lifestyle conditions and choices. Clothing options such as closed toe shoes (especially plastic lined shoes) and thick socks that cause sweating of the feet for a long period of time can lead to the infection.

Those who sweat profusely while working, exercising or participating in other daily activities are also at risk.

Although you may not experience any of the above factors, you may still be at risk if you work, study or play in a public area. Direct contact with an infected person or with materials that are infected with the parasites such as socks, shoes, public showers or gyms can cause the spread of athlete’s foot to an area on your own body. The risk is greater when the environment is warmer as this is grounds for the fungus to grow and invade the skin.

Risk Factors Include:

• Not keeping your feet dry, clean and maintained
• Excessive perspiration
• Humid, warm or hot weather or environment
• Disorders or conditions of the immune system
• Prior infections of athlete’s foot
• Wearing tight, close toed shoes or poorly ventilated shoes
• Walking barefoot at home or in public areas

Prevention Tips

Treatment of athlete’s foot begins with preventing the infection from occurring in the first place. For those who are prone to athlete’s foot, prevention is a much bigger issue that can be maintained through a variety of effective tips and techniques.

Since athlete’s foot can easily be spread from person to person, it’s important to keep your family and community safe by not sharing or leaving infected items where others could potentially come in contact with the materials.

Keep places where your feet touch such as floors, showers, bathtubs, and beds clean and maintained. When in public areas such as swimming pools or gyms, keep a pair of flip flops handy to prevent walking on the floor and picking up or spreading the infection. Disinfectant spray should be used in kitchens and bathrooms in the home. Clothing, towels, bed sheets and blankets should be washed on a regular basis in hot water to help kill the growing fungus. Be sure not to leave moist or damp dirty laundry lingering in the washer or hamper for any period of time to avoid the spread of parasites. Avoid sharing these types of materials among family members and consider doing separate loads of wash.

Special soaps can be used on a regular basis to prevent fungal infections such as athlete’s foot. These fungal soaps contain active ingredients, such as tea tree oil, that help fight off and prevent the infection. They also contain Aloe Vera and are free of chlorine and sediments, leaving your skin moisturized and smooth.

Consider sanitizing the inside of your shoes with a germicidal shoe tree. This will help keep your shoes free of fungal parasites. Keep your feet dry by applying an antiperspirant made especially for feet perspiration. Replace the inserts of your shoes on a regular basis and replace any old exercise shoes or sneakers. After participating in any type of physical activity, use a soap that contains anti-fungal agents and antibacterial qualities. Try to wear open toed shoes or sandals whenever possible to allow your feet time to breathe and receive fresh air.

Test and Diagnosis Considerations

Typically, the diagnosis of athlete’s feet is made by a general doctor or podiatrist (foot doctor) by a visual exam of the foot or feet. Skin scrapings may be needed to test for the specific type of fungi the patient is experiencing to determine the best route of treatment. Microscopic examinations may also be needed to rule out more serious problems such as a bacterial infection.

Various tests may be recommended, such as a fungal culture or an examination of the patients’ foot under ultraviolet light. Your doctor may also do a potassium hydroxide (KOH) test to diagnosis athlete’s foot. This is done by carefully scraping scaly skin from the soles of the feet and placing them onto a microscope slide. KOH is then added to the slide and it’s placed beneath a microscope to look for signs of fungus. In many cases, a doctor will be able to diagnosis athlete’s foot simply by sight.

Common Symptoms

It’s important to rule out other causes of common symptoms associated with athlete’s foot. Peeling or redness of the feet may be caused by environmental factors such as tight shoes, excessive perspiration due to warm weather or wearing shoes without socks. Adhesive cements and certain dyes found in some types of shoes can also cause irritation to the feet.

Other similarities to the symptoms of athlete’s foot can be due to nail polishes, lotions or powders that the patient applied their selves that caused irritation. Conditions such as scabies, eczema and psoriasis may be other possibilities for your symptoms. It’s best to talk to a doctor to rule these out.

If all attempts for diagnosis of athlete’s foot come back inconclusive, a biopsy of the infected skin can be taken for examination. Your doctor may recommend you to a special physician, such as a dermatologist (skin doctor), podiatrist (foot doctor) or a foot health practitioner to future examine your condition. Once a proper diagnoses is made, your doctor can recommend effective treatment methods for you to consider and may write you’re a prescription for a topical or oral medication to help treat the infection.

Treatment Options

There are many over the counter, natural and home remedies available for the treatment of athlete’s foot. While some of these treatments are highly effective in curing the infection, others simply treat the symptoms causing reoccurring episodes. Not everyone responds to all treatments so it’s best to talk to your doctor to see which may be the best fit for you. This could depend on your allergies, medical history, current conditions and various other factors.

Herbal & Home Remedies: Herbal treatments are popular as they are usually effective in treating the condition and have little or no side effects. Common herbal and home remedy treatments for athlete’s foot include tea tree oil, Listerine (mouth wash) and hydrogen peroxide. To sooth and treat your sore feet, soak them in a solution of two teaspoons of salt per one pint of warm water. These home remedy provides an unappealing environment for fungus and makes over the counter treatments more effective. A solution of 25 percent aluminum chloride and water provides similar results.

Fungus Between Your  Toes

For fungus between your toes, a mixture of baking soda and water can be used to form a paste. Rub the paste onto the site of the infection, allow drying time then rinse with warm water. While in the shower, use a foot brush to rub away dead skin cells, leaving smooth new infection free skin. Remember to continue applying a foot cream or powder, wearing dry socks and choosing shoes that fit well and allow your feet to breathe.

Alternative treatments may also be used to treat athlete’s foot. The following oils and extracts have been found effective in relieving symptoms of athlete’s foot and with regular use, treating the infection: Topical oils (example-tea tree oil), onion extract, garlic extract, boric acid and Epson salts. Rubbing one or more of the following products on your feet twice a day or in a mixture of warm water can lead to foot relief.

Herbal & Home Remedies Include

• Keep feet as dry as possible, especially between the toes
• Wear cotton socks and change them once or twice per day
• Avoid tight closed toed shoes as these cause heat build-up
• Never go in public areas barefoot, especially moist or warm areas
• Apply foot creams and powders regularly to keep feet healthy
• Always wash your socks in hot water to kill all potential bacteria
• Avoid yeast products such as baked goods and breads
• Vinegar and alcohol should not be consumed by chronic sufferers
• Apply grapefruit seed extract to your feet to fight off fungus

Pharmaceutical Remedies

Over the counter and prescription athlete foot creams, powders and liquids are available. These usually contain active ingredients such as clotrimazole, miconazole and tolnaftate. If used on a regular basis, these types of treatments usually work well but may take longer to see results. Athlete foot powders work by keeping the feet dry throughout strenuous activity and perspiration.

Along with these self-care tips, keeping your feet dry and clean, washing your feet frequently with warm soap and water and wearing dry, clean socks can help keep the infection under control. If the over-the-counter remedies fail to work after two to four weeks of use, you may want to consider visiting your doctor for a stronger medication. Your doctor may prescribe a topical or oral medication such as terbinafine or ketoconazole to treat the fungus. Antibiotics may also be needed for bacterial infections.

Side effects from oral athlete’s foot medications may include rashes, gastrointestinal upset and abnormal liver function. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning against oral Lamisil and Sporanox in May of 2001 due to links between the medication and rare cases of liver failure and even death. They also have a history of weakening the heart contractions so they should be avoided by those with heart problems.